{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:00:41Z","timestamp":1785423641836,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018599","name":"Cardinal Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019874","name":"Children&apos;s Hospital Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018268","name":"Children&apos;s Miracle Network Hospitals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jaacapopen.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAACAP Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T19:57:25Z","timestamp":1703793445000},"page":"90-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reactive, Proactive, Relational, and Slow Dissipation of Aggression in Children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8115-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Waschbusch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Mayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Waxmonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0864-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dara E.","family":"Babinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0492-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raman","family":"Baweja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12850","article-title":"The high societal costs of childhood conduct problems: evidence from administrative records up to age 38 in a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"59","author":"Rivenbark","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00907.x","article-title":"Predictions of children's referral to mental health and special education services from earlier adjustment","volume":"33","author":"Koot","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib3","first-page":"95","article-title":"Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement","volume":"78","author":"Hubbard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Personal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20337","article-title":"Testing the developmental distinctiveness of male proactive and reactive aggression with a nested longitudinal experimental intervention","volume":"36","author":"Barker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1146","article-title":"Social information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups","volume":"53","author":"Dodge","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025406071904","article-title":"Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment","volume":"30","author":"Card","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Behav Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20224","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and callous-unemotional traits as moderators of conduct problems when examining impairment and aggression in elementary school children","volume":"34","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.2.320","article-title":"Growth and aggression: I. Childhood to early adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Cairns","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2307\/1131945","article-title":"Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment","volume":"66","author":"Crick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib10","series-title":"Developmental Psychopathology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relational aggression: a developmental psychopathology perspective","author":"Murray-Close","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x","article-title":"Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment","volume":"79","author":"Card","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib12","series-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression","first-page":"245","article-title":"Relational aggression and gender: an overview","author":"Crick","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.2307\/1131179","article-title":"The role of aggression in peer relations: an analysis of aggression episodes in boys' play groups","volume":"62","author":"Coie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020867831811","article-title":"Reactive aggression in boys with disruptive behavior disorders: behavior, physiology, and affect","volume":"30","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410903103619","article-title":"Subtypes of aggression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): medication effects and comparison with typical children","volume":"38","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0027-6","article-title":"Aggression in children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits: social information processing and response to provocation","volume":"43","author":"Helseth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib17","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Child Psychology","first-page":"791","article-title":"Defining aggression: form and function","author":"Fite","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-009-0132-2","article-title":"Further validation of a measure of proactive and reactive aggression within a clinical child population","volume":"40","author":"Fite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2010.12087745","article-title":"Reactive and proactive subtypes of relational and physical aggression in middle childhood: links to concurrent and longitudinal adjustment","volume":"39","author":"Mathieson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16070839","article-title":"Irritability in youths: a translational model","volume":"174","author":"Brotman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.04.014","article-title":"The status of irritability in psychiatry: a conceptual and quantitative review","volume":"55","author":"Vidal-Ribas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-022-00901-9","article-title":"The impact of irritability and callous unemotional traits on reward positivity in youth with ADHD and conduct problems","volume":"50","author":"Waxmonsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-044941","article-title":"Irritability in children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Brotman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib24","series-title":"Handbook of Psychopathy","first-page":"456","article-title":"Psychopathy and developmental pathways to antisocial behavior in youth","author":"Frick","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","article-title":"Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review","volume":"140","author":"Frick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2022.2032713","article-title":"Inhibitory control, conduct problems, and callous-unemotional traits in children with ADHD and typically developing children","volume":"47","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00648.x","article-title":"Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: do callous-unemotional traits matter?","volume":"11","author":"Viding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087221","article-title":"Investigation of the heterogeneity of disruptive behaviour in elementary-age children","volume":"36","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.007","article-title":"Irritability and limited prosocial emotions\/callous-unemotional traits in elementary-school-age children","volume":"51","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2307\/1131876","article-title":"Gender differences in children's normative beliefs about aggression: how do I hurt thee? Let me count the ways","volume":"67","author":"Crick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib31","series-title":"Disruptive Behavior Disorders Interview","author":"Pelham","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib32","series-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib33","series-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib34","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Mannual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2307\/1131875","article-title":"Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression","volume":"67","author":"Crick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006520","article-title":"Relational aggression: the role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type","volume":"7","author":"Crick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib37","author":"Pelham"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02561.x","article-title":"The Affective Reactivity Index: a concise irritability scale for clinical and research settings","volume":"53","author":"Stringaris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3503_3","article-title":"A\u00a0practical impairment measure: psychometric properties of the Impairment Rating Scale in samples of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples","volume":"35","author":"Fabiano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199203000-00006","article-title":"Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"31","author":"Pelham","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad006","article-title":"The Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale: updated factor structure, measurement invariance, and national caregiver norms","volume":"48","author":"Fosco","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib42","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus User's Guide. 8.8 ed. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 1998-2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib43","series-title":"SRMR in MPLUS","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1461058","article-title":"Model fit and item factor analysis: overfactoring, underfactoring, and a program to guide interpretation","volume":"53","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000144","article-title":"Thanks coefficient alpha, we\u2019ll take it from here","volume":"23","author":"McNeish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib46","series-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analyses: a regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716666323","article-title":"Developmental relations between ADHD symptoms and reactive vs proactive aggression across childhood and adolescence","volume":"24","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Atten Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.1.118","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems","volume":"128","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2704_3","article-title":"Criterion validity and the utility of reactive and proactive aggression: comparisons to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and other measures of functioning","volume":"27","author":"Waschbusch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00333","article-title":"Reactive and proactive aggression differentially predict later conduct problems","volume":"39","author":"Vitaro","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib51","unstructured":"Vaughan EP, Speck JS, Frick PJ, et\u00a0al. Proactive and reactive aggression: developmental trajectories and longitudinal associations with callous-unemotional traits, impulsivity, and internalizing emotions [published online ahead of print April 3, 2023]. Dev Psychopathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000183","article-title":"Sex and gender in psychopathology: DSM-5 and beyond","volume":"145","author":"Hartung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1614000","article-title":"Effects of behavioral treatment modified to fit children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits","volume":"49","author":"Waschbusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child\u00a0Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.12.011","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized clinical trial of an integrative group therapy for children with severe mood dysregulation","volume":"55","author":"Waxmonsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.05.012","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for persistent nonepisodic irritability","volume":"62","author":"Breaux","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007_bib56","first-page":"573","article-title":"A\u00a0review of the evidence base for psychosocial interventions for the treatment of emotional dysregulation in children and adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Waxmonsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Clin N Am"}],"container-title":["JAACAP Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949732923000698?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949732923000698?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T01:05:10Z","timestamp":1762650310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949732923000698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2949732923000698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-7329"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-7329","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reactive, Proactive, Relational, and Slow Dissipation of Aggression in Children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JAACAP Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.12.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}