{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:55:07Z","timestamp":1790013307438,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]],"date-time":"2004-09-24T23:13:32Z","timestamp":1096067612000},"page":"499-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Rosacea: II. Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Michelle T.","family":"Pelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen H.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new formulation containing sunscreen (SPF 15) and 1% metronidazole (Rosasol cream) in the treatment of rosacea","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Skin Therapy Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Silicones in topical dermatologic preparations","author":"Draelos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB3","first-page":"344","article-title":"Effective sunscreen ingredients and cutaneous irritation in patients with rosacea","volume":"61","author":"Nichols","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/000155599750009915","article-title":"Stinging and rosacea","volume":"79","author":"Lonne-Rahm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB5","series-title":"Principles of cosmetics for the dermatologist","first-page":"287","article-title":"Recognition of chemically vulnerable and delicate skin","author":"Frosh","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00399.x","article-title":"pH measurements during lactic acid stinging test in normal and sensitive skin","volume":"36","author":"Issachar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1053\/sder.2001.27556","article-title":"Cosmetics in acne and rosacea","volume":"20","author":"Draelos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.1.79","article-title":"Use of topical products for maintaining remission in rosacea","volume":"135","author":"Wilkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92160-7","article-title":"Treatment of rosacea by metronidazole","volume":"1","author":"Pye","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1983.tb03993.x","article-title":"A double-blind study of 1% metronidazole cream versus systemic oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea","volume":"109","author":"Nielsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1983.tb03972.x","article-title":"Treatment of rosacea with 1% metronidazole cream. A double-blind study","volume":"108","author":"Nielsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1983.tb04003.x","article-title":"The relapse rate for rosacea after treatment with either oral tetracycline or metronidazole cream","volume":"109","author":"Nielsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.116219","article-title":"Once-daily topical metronidazole cream formulations in the treatment of the papules and pustules of rosacea","volume":"45","author":"Dahl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660290077020","article-title":"Topical metronidazole therapy for rosacea","volume":"123","author":"Bleicher","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB15","first-page":"346","article-title":"Evaluation of topical metronidazole gel in acne rosacea","volume":"21","author":"Aronson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Drug Intell Clin Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB16","first-page":"187","article-title":"Metronidazole 1% cream versus placebo cream in the treatment of rosacea","volume":"26","author":"Bjerke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Trials J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259203","article-title":"A double-blind randomized study of metronidazole 1% cream in the treatment of acne rosacea: a placebo controlled study","volume":"2","author":"Bitar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drug Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB18","first-page":"129","article-title":"[Double-blind study versus excipient of 0.75% metronidazole gel in the treatment of rosacea] (French)","volume":"120","author":"Espagne","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB19","first-page":"44","article-title":"A double-blind, multicenter clinical trial comparing efficacy of once-daily metronidazole 1 percent cream to vehicle in patients with rosacea","volume":"61","author":"Breneman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70337-8","article-title":"The efficacy of metronidazole 1% cream once daily compared with metronidazole 1% cream twice daily and their vehicles in rosacea: a double-blind clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Jorizzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB21","first-page":"283","article-title":"Topical metronidazole for severe and recalcitrant rosacea: a prospective open trial","volume":"43","author":"Lowe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB22","first-page":"271","article-title":"A status report on the medical management of rosacea: focus on topical therapies","volume":"70","author":"Del Rosso","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.6.679","article-title":"Topical metronidazole maintains remissions of rosacea","volume":"134","author":"Dahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB24","first-page":"852","article-title":"Old drug\u2014in a new system\u2014revisited","volume":"19","author":"Olansky","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555564358359","article-title":"Topical treatment with sulfur 10 per cent for rosacea","volume":"64","author":"Blom","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3109\/09546639709160276","article-title":"The treatment of rosacea: the safety and efficacy of sodium sulfacetamide 10% and sulfur 5% lotion (Novacet) is demonstrated in a double-blind study","volume":"8","author":"Sauder","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB27","first-page":"183","article-title":"The comparative efficacy of sodium sulfacetamide 10%\/sulfur 5% (Sulfacet-R) lotion and metronidazole 0.75% (MetroGel) in the treatment of rosacea","volume":"3","author":"Lebwohl","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Geriatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB28","series-title":"Manual of dermatologic therapeutics","author":"Arndt","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199141050-00007","article-title":"Azelaic acid. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders","volume":"41","author":"Fitton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00372056","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of azelaic acid on neutrophil functions: a possible cause for its efficacy in treating pathogenetically unrelated diseases","volume":"283","author":"Akamatsu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.3109\/09546639309082150","article-title":"Topical azelaic acid in the treatment of rosacea","volume":"4","author":"Carmichael","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70085-X","article-title":"A comparison of topical azelaic acid 20% cream and topical metronidazole 0.75% cream in the treatment of patients with papulopustular rosacea","volume":"40","author":"Maddin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1976.01630280071021","article-title":"Letter: Topically applied erythromycin in rosacea","volume":"112","author":"Mills","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1993.tb00974.x","article-title":"Treatment of rosacea: topical clindamycin versus oral tetracycline","volume":"32","author":"Wilkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.114739","article-title":"Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea: a preliminary report","volume":"44","author":"Goldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1053\/sder.2001.29061","article-title":"Tacrolimus clinical studies for atopic dermatitis and other conditions","volume":"20","author":"Bergman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12288.x","article-title":"Concepts in the pathogenesis of rosacea","volume":"80","author":"Marks","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB38","first-page":"801","article-title":"[Rosacea: histopathologic study of 75 cases] (French)","volume":"115","author":"Ramelet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1969.01610300033005","article-title":"Histopathology of rosacea","volume":"100","author":"Marks","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB40","first-page":"62","article-title":"Reversible histologic effects of tretinoin on photodamaged skin","volume":"3","author":"Bhawan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Geriatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000051374","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of retinoids on vascular endothelial growth factor production by cultured human skin keratinocytes","volume":"199","author":"Lachgar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70058-6","article-title":"Treatment of photodamage with topical tretinoin: an overview","volume":"36","author":"Gilchrest","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/09546639309084517","article-title":"Topical tretinoin for rosacea","volume":"4","author":"Kligman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70147-L","article-title":"Effects of topical tretinoin on non-sunexposed protected skin of the elderly","volume":"29","author":"Kligman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000051380","article-title":"Retinaldehyde alleviates rosacea","volume":"199","author":"Vienne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690030051008","article-title":"A comparison of the efficacy of topical tretinoin and low-dose oral isotretinoin in rosacea","volume":"130","author":"Ertl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12412861","article-title":"Topical retinaldehyde on human skin: biologic effects and tolerance","volume":"103","author":"Saurat","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000051381","article-title":"Tolerance profile of retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid under maximized and long-term clinical conditions","volume":"199","author":"Fluhr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB49","first-page":"47","article-title":"[Experience with the retin-A treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea] (Russian)","author":"Verbenko","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vestn Dermatol Venerol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690030091015","article-title":"Rosacea. Pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"130","author":"Wilkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690210067011","article-title":"Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams","volume":"131","author":"Griffiths","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.1.642","article-title":"Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human keratinocytes by retinoids","volume":"275","author":"Diaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB53","first-page":"3829","article-title":"A quantitative angiogenesis model for efficacy testing of chemopreventive agents","volume":"21","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1966.tb12168.x","article-title":"A clinical trial of tetracycline in rosacea","volume":"78","author":"Sneddon","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb02252.x","article-title":"A follow-up of tetracycline-treated rosacea. With special reference to rosacea keratitis","volume":"93","author":"Knight","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB56","first-page":"411","article-title":"Second-generation tetracyclines, a dermatologic overview: clinical uses and pharmacology","volume":"48","author":"Maibach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB57","first-page":"1472","article-title":"Long-term use of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline does not lead to changes in antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"71","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Perio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.9.1465","article-title":"Long-term treatment with subantimicrobial dose doxycycline exerts no antibacterial effect on the subgingival microflora associated with adult periodontitis","volume":"71","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1995.tb00120.x","article-title":"Doxycycline inhibits neutrophil (PMN)-type matrix metalloproteinases in human adult periodontitis gingiva","volume":"22","author":"Golub","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1997.00301.x","article-title":"Clarithromycin versus doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea","volume":"36","author":"Torresani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00442.x","article-title":"Clarithromycin: a new perspective in rosacea treatment","volume":"37","author":"Torresani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01958.x","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of azithromycin in rosacea","volume":"43","author":"Bakar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1980.tb06558.x","article-title":"A double-blind trial of metronidazole versus oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea","volume":"102","author":"Saihan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB64","first-page":"1960","article-title":"[Treatment of rosacea with metronidazole] (French)","volume":"7","author":"Guilhou","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nouv Presse Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB65","first-page":"671","article-title":"Metronidazole (Flagyl) as a therapy variant in \u201crosacea\u201d and in \u201cperioral dermatitis\u201d (preliminary report) (German)","volume":"54","author":"Stieger","year":"1979","journal-title":"Z Hautkr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.4.403","article-title":"Metronidazole neuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Coxon","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.38.9.1076-b","article-title":"Convulsions and encephalopathy in a patient with leukemia after treatment with metronidazole","volume":"38","author":"Wienbren","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00660.x","article-title":"Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Caro-Paton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB69","first-page":"575","article-title":"Oral treatment of rosacea with 13-cis-retinoic acid (German)","volume":"32","author":"Nikolowski","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555641521","article-title":"13-cis-Retinoic acid in rosacea. Clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"64","author":"Schmidt","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)70067-2","article-title":"Action of isotretinoin in acne rosacea and gram-negative folliculitis","volume":"6","author":"Plewig","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1986.tb04533.x","article-title":"Treatment of rosacea with isotretinoin","volume":"25","author":"Hoting","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1984.tb00842.x","article-title":"Response of rosacea to isotretinoin","volume":"9","author":"Marsden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.7.884","article-title":"Efficacy of low-dose isotretinoin in patients with treatment-resistant rosacea","volume":"134","author":"Erdogan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB75","series-title":"Acne and related disorders: proceedings of an international symposium","first-page":"301","article-title":"Isotretinoin in the treatment of rosacea and rhinophyma","author":"Irvine","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1990.01670300019001","article-title":"Surgical correction of rhinophyma","volume":"126","author":"Lloyd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1064456","article-title":"Clinical and histological variants of rhinophyma, including nonsurgical treatment modalities","volume":"14","author":"Jansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1971.tb00003.x","article-title":"Effect of oral inhibitors of ovulation in treatment of rosacea and dermatitis perioralis in women","volume":"12","author":"Spirov","year":"1971","journal-title":"Aust J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB79","first-page":"94","article-title":"Cyproterone therapy of papulopustular rosacea in women (German)","volume":"32","author":"Mauss","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1992.tb03227.x","article-title":"Oral spironolactone therapy in male patients with rosacea","volume":"19","author":"Aizawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203070-00005","article-title":"The management of rosacea","volume":"3","author":"Rebora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1983.01650270029012","article-title":"Effect of subdepressor clonidine on flushing reactions in rosacea. Change in malar thermal circulation index during provoked flushing reactions","volume":"119","author":"Wilkin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00290.x","article-title":"Alcohol-induced rosacea flushing blocked by naloxone","volume":"107","author":"Bernstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02744.x","article-title":"The response of erythematous rosacea to ondansetron","volume":"140","author":"Wollina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70022-0","article-title":"Effect of nadolol on flushing reactions in rosacea","volume":"20","author":"Wilkin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62611-1","article-title":"Treatment of the red nose with the argon laser","volume":"61","author":"Dicken","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198105000-00017","article-title":"Postrhinoplasty \u201cred nose\u201d: differential diagnosis and treatment by laser","volume":"67","author":"Noe","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650160010010","article-title":"Argon laser therapy of small cutaneous vascular lesions","volume":"118","author":"Arndt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12535052","article-title":"The nature and evolution of port wine stains: a computer-assisted study","volume":"74","author":"Barsky","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB90","first-page":"39","article-title":"A structural approach to nonablative rejuvenation","volume":"15","author":"Sadick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB91","first-page":"522","article-title":"Flash lamp pumped dye laser for rosacea-associated telangiectasia and erythema","volume":"17","author":"Lowe","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04140.x","article-title":"Comparison of the long-pulse dye (590-595 nm) and KTP (532 nm) lasers in the treatment of facial and leg telangiectasias","volume":"24","author":"West","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB93","first-page":"19","article-title":"Use of 532 nm diode-pumped frequency-doubled laser and contact cooling device to enhance clearing of facial telangiectasia","volume":"15","author":"Vasily","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00444248","article-title":"Clinical experience in the treatment of the \u201cred nose\u201d using the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser (585 nm)","volume":"18","author":"Scheepers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6836297","article-title":"Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation","volume":"220","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198405000-00009","article-title":"Hypertrophic scarring in argon laser treatment of port-wine stains","volume":"73","author":"Dixon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB97","first-page":"23","article-title":"New concepts in non-ablative rejuvenation","volume":"13","author":"Herne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1999)25:3<229::AID-LSM7>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Pulsed dye laser therapy for sun damaged skin","volume":"25","author":"Zelickson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB99","first-page":"61","article-title":"Preliminary experience with the KTP\/532 nm laser in the treatment of facial telangiectasia","volume":"9","author":"Silver","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.00060.x","article-title":"Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte with an intense pulsed light source","volume":"26","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200105000-00009","article-title":"Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte on the neck with an intense pulsed light source","volume":"107","author":"Goldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/146288300750163745","article-title":"Intense pulsed light source for treatment of small melanocytic nevi and solar lentigines","volume":"2","author":"Bjerring","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cutan Laser Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14628830050516542","article-title":"Selective nonablative wrinkle reduction by laser","volume":"2","author":"Bjerring","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cutan Laser Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/14628839950516931","article-title":"Treatment of mature port wine stains with the PhotoDerm VL","volume":"1","author":"Cliff","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cutan Laser Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200104000-00016","article-title":"Intense pulsed light for melanocytic lesions","volume":"27","author":"Moreno Arias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB106","first-page":"14","article-title":"New parameters for intense pulsed light rejuvenation with a thermoelectrically chilled crystal delivery system","volume":"15","author":"Beasley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB107","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Rejuvenation of photoaged skin: 5 years results with intense pulsed light of the face, neck, and chest","volume":"28","author":"Weiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(2000)26:2<196::AID-LSM10>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Nonablative treatment of rhytids with intense pulsed light","volume":"26","author":"Goldberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1029","article-title":"Intense pulsed light and Nd:YAG laser non-ablative treatment of facial rhytids","volume":"28","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.00085.x","article-title":"Noninvasive rejuvenation of photodamaged skin using serial, full-face intense pulsed light treatments","volume":"26","author":"Bitter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/14628839950516922","article-title":"Treatment of facial vascular lesions with intense pulsed light","volume":"1","author":"Angermeier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cutan Laser Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/14628830050516461","article-title":"New collagen formation after dermal remodeling with an intense pulsed light source","volume":"2","author":"Goldberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cutan Laser Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1053\/sder.2002.36902","article-title":"Intense pulsed-light photorejuvenation","volume":"21","author":"Sadick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB114","first-page":"254","article-title":"Treatment of rosacea with intense pulsed light","volume":"2","author":"Taub","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB115","first-page":"600","article-title":"Objective and quantitative improvement of rosacea-associated erythema after intense pulsed light treatment","volume":"29","author":"Mark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70242-9","article-title":"Topical tretinoin for photoaged skin","volume":"15","author":"Kligman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb11851.x","article-title":"The effect of topical tretinoin on photodamaged facial skin: the Thai experience","volume":"129","author":"Kotrajaras","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000211167","article-title":"Treatment of photoaged skin with topical tretinoin","volume":"6","author":"Kligman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199308193290803","article-title":"Restoration of collagen formation in photodamaged human skin by tretinoin (retinoic acid)","volume":"329","author":"Griffiths","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033_BIB120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00238.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural effects of topical tretinoin on dermo-epidermal junction and papillary dermis in photodamaged skin. A controlled study","volume":"4","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962204008473?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962204008473?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T21:34:36Z","timestamp":1759268076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962204008473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962204008473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rosacea: II. Therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}