{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:48:30Z","timestamp":1792100910015,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,29]],"date-time":"2005-12-29T07:13:10Z","timestamp":1135840390000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":951,"title":["Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ulrich R.","family":"Hengge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ruzicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Cork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1952.72","article-title":"Effect of topically applied compound F in selected dermatoses","volume":"19","author":"Sulzberger","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000422357","article-title":"Do we need new and different glucocorticoids? A re-appraisal of the various congeners and potential alternatives","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02960130003002","article-title":"Sodium retention and edema from percutaneous absorption of fludrocortisone acetate","volume":"158","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1978.tb02002.x","article-title":"Assessment of the skin penetration properties of different carrier vehicles for topically applied cortisol","volume":"99","author":"Ayres","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1967.29","article-title":"Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of 14C cortisol in man","volume":"48","author":"Feldmann","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib6","first-page":"81","article-title":"Dermatophamacokinetics in clinical dermatology","volume":"2","author":"Wester","year":"1983","journal-title":"Semin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib7","first-page":"624","article-title":"Adverse effects from topical steroids","volume":"21","author":"Hill","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000248314","article-title":"Steroid-induced dermal atrophy: investigations on discontinuous application","volume":"179","author":"Lubach","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555565102105","article-title":"Transepidermal water loss in dry and clinically normal skin in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"65","author":"Werner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib10","first-page":"133","article-title":"Evaluation of the hydration and water-holding capacity in atopic skin and so called dry skin","volume":"144","author":"Thune","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1988.tb00904.x","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone during and after the acute phase of dermatitis in children","volume":"5","author":"Turpeinen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb00830.x","article-title":"Glaucoma following application of corticosteroid to the skin of the eyelids","volume":"95","author":"Cubey","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1976.01630330080032","article-title":"Glaucoma from topically applied steroids","volume":"112","author":"Zugerman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1978.01640180085023","article-title":"Glaucoma induced by application of corticosteroids to the periorbital region","volume":"114","author":"Neilsen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1996.tb01070.x","article-title":"Compliance problems in paediatric atopic eczema","volume":"37","author":"Fischer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03473.x","article-title":"Topical corticosteroid phobia in patients with atopic eczema","volume":"142","author":"Charman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib17","first-page":"31","article-title":"Topical glucocorticosteroids","volume":"2","author":"Yohn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib18","series-title":"TCS","first-page":"42","article-title":"Vasoconstrictor assay\u2014specific applications","author":"Stoughton","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1962.01590110044005","article-title":"Methods for comparing percutaneous absorption of steroids","volume":"86","author":"McKenzie","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660010067020","article-title":"Correlation of vasoconstrictor assay in clinical activity of psoriasis","volume":"121","author":"Kornell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib21","series-title":"TCS","first-page":"17","article-title":"Human models","author":"Niedner","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000250337","article-title":"Suppression of ultraviolet erythema by topical corticosteroids","volume":"161","author":"Sukanto","year":"1980","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib23","first-page":"1620","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect and tachyphylaxis of systemic and combined systemic-topical treatment with corticosteroids in the pyrexal erythema test","volume":"59","author":"Stengel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Z Hautkr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01712.x","article-title":"The Duhring chamber assay for corticosteroid atrophy","volume":"104","author":"Frosch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb07148.x","article-title":"Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide","volume":"96","author":"Frosch","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb02279.x","article-title":"Steroid-induced atrophy in animal and human models","volume":"94","author":"Kirby","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00595699","article-title":"Induction of acne by topical steroids","volume":"247","author":"Plewig","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Forsch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib28","series-title":"Topical corticosteroid therapy","first-page":"151","article-title":"Plasma cortisol concentrations following whole body application of KOE-777 (prednicarbate)","author":"Schr\u00f6pel","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib29","series-title":"TCS","first-page":"26","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect and thinning of the skin: models for testing topically applied corticosteroids on human skin","author":"Lubach","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000422369","article-title":"The psoriasis plaque test and topical corticosteroids: evaluation by computerized laser profilometry","volume":"21","author":"Wolff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000422370","article-title":"Topical glucocorticoids and thinning of normal skin as to be assessed by ultrasound","volume":"21","author":"Korting","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1159\/000422372","article-title":"Early detection of glucocorticoid-specific epidermal alterations using skin surface microscopy","volume":"21","author":"Schulz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(83)70074-5","article-title":"Comparison of stratum corneum thickness in children and adults","volume":"8","author":"Fairley","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1982.tb00498.x","article-title":"Topical corticosteroids","volume":"21","author":"Robertson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02498.x","article-title":"Frequency of application of topical corticosteroids: an overview","volume":"139","author":"Lagos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1976.01630330015002","article-title":"Tachyphylaxis to topically applied steroids","volume":"112","author":"du Vivier","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000422366","article-title":"Topical tretinoin prevents corticosteroid-induced atrophy without lessening the anti-inflammatory effect","volume":"21","author":"Kligman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1963.01590160042007","article-title":"Atrophic striae in patients with inguinal intertrigo","volume":"87","author":"Epstein","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00407888","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticosteroids on cultured human skin fibroblasts. III. Transient inhibition of cell proliferation in the early growth stages and reduced susceptibility in later growth stages","volume":"265","author":"Ponec","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02118.x","article-title":"Effects of TCS on human dermis","volume":"115","author":"Lavker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00371835","article-title":"Corticosteroids induce proliferation but do not influence TNF- or IL-1 beta-induced ICAM-1 expression of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"285","author":"Hettmannsperger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03929.x","article-title":"Depletion of stratum corneum intercellular lipid lamellae and barrier function abnormalities after long-term TCS","volume":"136","author":"Sheu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12053.x","article-title":"Short-term glucocorticoid treatment compromises both permeability barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity: inhibition of epidermal lipid synthesis accounts for functional abnormalities","volume":"120","author":"Kao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib44","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cutaneous striae","volume":"65","author":"Ammar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1989.tb02497.x","article-title":"Striae cutis distensae","volume":"28","author":"Nigam","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70118-0","article-title":"Eyelid dermatitis to red face syndrome to cure: clinical experience in 100 cases","volume":"41","author":"Rapaport","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib47","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Aggravation of acne vulgaris by topical application of corticosteroids under occlusion","volume":"4","author":"Fulton","year":"1968","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12676716","article-title":"The pathogenesis of topical steroid acne","volume":"62","author":"Kaidbey","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib49","first-page":"67","article-title":"Steroid-induced rosacea","volume":"48","author":"Litt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1964.01590300031010","article-title":"Perioral dermatitis","volume":"89","author":"Mehan","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.01852.x","article-title":"Perioral dermatitis: an update","volume":"42","author":"Hafeez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03260410014003","article-title":"Topical steroid addicts","volume":"235","author":"Kligman","year":"1976","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1993.11701671","article-title":"Topical corticosteroid \u201caddiction.\u201d A cause of perioral dermatitis","volume":"93","author":"Wells","year":"1993","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.8.1013","article-title":"Serum nitric oxide levels in \u201cred\u201d patients: separating corticosteroid-addicted patients from those with chronic eczema","volume":"140","author":"Rapaport","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198800365-00005","article-title":"Side effects of TCS and their prevention","volume":"5","author":"Takeda","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib56","series-title":"Dermatology and general medicine","first-page":"17","article-title":"Disorders of hair","author":"Munro","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib57","first-page":"295","article-title":"Nebenwirkungen externer Kortikoidtherapie","volume":"23","author":"Schoepf","year":"1972","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70209-1","article-title":"Perilesional linear atrophy and hypopigmentation after intralesional corticosteroid therapy. Report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1972.01620070023008","article-title":"Stellate spontaneous pseudoscars. Senile and presenile forms: especially those forms caused by prolonged corticoid therapy","volume":"105","author":"Colomb","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30091-4","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and infection","volume":"23","author":"Aucott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17107-9","article-title":"Superficial fungal infections","volume":"364","author":"Schwartz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5611.149","article-title":"Tinea incognito","volume":"3","author":"Ive","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70342-2","article-title":"Crusted (Norwegian) scabies induced by use of TCS and treated successfully with ivermectin","volume":"135","author":"Marliere","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1975.01630200132026","article-title":"Granuloma intertriginosum infantum (granuloma glutaeale infantum)","volume":"111","author":"Hamada","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000018010","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with erythroblastopenia and thymoma: reactivation after topical corticosteroids","volume":"197","author":"Peres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib66","first-page":"375","article-title":"Corticosteroids: a review with emphasis on complications of prolonged systemic therapy","volume":"62","author":"Truhan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00290.x","article-title":"Results of routine patch testing with corticosteroid series in 2073 patients","volume":"26","author":"Dooms-Goossens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000246526","article-title":"Contact hypersensitivity to corticosteroids in routine patch test patients. A multi-centre study of the Swiss Contact Dermatitis Research Group","volume":"191","author":"Bircher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.4065\/72.12.1141","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis due to topical application of corticosteroids: review and clinical implications","volume":"72","author":"Lutz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2000.042001027.x","article-title":"Patch testing with corticosteroid mixes in Europe. A multicentre study of the EECDRG","volume":"42","author":"Isaksson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62077-7","article-title":"Corticosteroid-induced hypersensitivity reactions","volume":"89","author":"Butani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.03160.x","article-title":"The prevalence of corticosteroid allergy in two U.K. centres: prescribing implications","volume":"141","author":"Thomson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01151.x","article-title":"Corticosteroid usage and binding to arginine: determinants of corticosteroid hypersensitivity","volume":"135","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70084-7","article-title":"Contact allergy to corticosteroids","volume":"28","author":"Lauerma","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00393.x","article-title":"Patch testing to detect corticosteroid allergy: is it adequate?","volume":"36","author":"Seukeran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(72)90090-6","article-title":"Influence of age, treatment with corticosteroids and strain rate on mechanical properties of rat skin","volume":"286","author":"Vogel","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(79)90125-5","article-title":"Adverse external ocular effects of topical ophthalmic medications","volume":"24","author":"Wilson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib78","series-title":"Applied therapeutics: The clinical use of drugs","author":"Koda-Kimble","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.152","article-title":"Extensive visual loss with topical facial steroids","volume":"7","author":"Aggarwal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02625.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of topical hydrocortisone at plasma level after applications once or twice daily in patients with widespread dermatitis","volume":"133","author":"Aalto-Korte","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70573-0","article-title":"Super potent topical corticosteroid use associated with adrenal suppression: clinical considerations","volume":"38","author":"Gilbertson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70164-3","article-title":"Topical clobetasol-17-propionate: review of its clinical efficacy and safety","volume":"15","author":"Olsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688708000709","article-title":"Adrenal suppression following low-dose topical clobetasol propionate","volume":"80","author":"Ohman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1971.tb87696.x","article-title":"Temporary Cushing's syndrome from percutaneous absorption of betamethasone 17-valerate","volume":"1","author":"Keipert","year":"1971","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5990.203","article-title":"Observations on the systemic effect of topical clobetasol propionate (Dermovate)","volume":"4","author":"Carruthers","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90597-X","article-title":"Fatal iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Nathan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb02272.x","article-title":"The effect of percutaneously absorbed steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after intensive use in in-patients","volume":"12","author":"Munro","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1976.01630350035009","article-title":"Induction of glycosuria and hyperglycemia by topical corticosteroid therapy","volume":"112","author":"Gomez","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib89","series-title":"TCS","first-page":"163","article-title":"Adverse systemic effects of TCS","author":"Robertson","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1964.01590290100015","article-title":"Plasma cortisol suppression by steroid creams","volume":"89","author":"Gill","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196510142731601","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of corticosteroids: systemic effects","volume":"273","author":"Scoggins","year":"1965","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90336-4","article-title":"Pituitary-adrenal function after occlusive topical therapy with betamethasone-17-valerate","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb16954.x","article-title":"Adrenal function following topical steroid treatment in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"132","author":"Patel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14807.x","article-title":"\u2018Wet-wrap\u2019 dressings for the treatment of atopic eczema in children","volume":"125","author":"Goodyear","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.794","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and glucocorticoid sensitivity in atopic dermatitis","volume":"105","author":"Ellison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03833.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of wet-wrap dressings in children with severe atopic dermatitis: influence of corticosteroid dilution","volume":"143","author":"Wolkerstorfer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.1.103","article-title":"Morning plasma cortisol levels in infants treated with topical fluorinated glucocorticosteroids","volume":"65","author":"Weston","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib98","series-title":"Anti-inflammatory steroid action","first-page":"377","article-title":"Side effects of glucocorticoid therapy","author":"Axelrott","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03280320046020","article-title":"Florid Cushing's syndrome and hirsutism induced by desoximetasone","volume":"239","author":"Himathongkam","year":"1978","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107473","article-title":"Influence of glucocorticoids on glucagon secretion and plasma amino acid concentrations in man","volume":"52","author":"Wise","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib101","first-page":"263","article-title":"Hormonal control of gluconeogenesis","volume":"Vol 2","author":"Weber","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111141","article-title":"An in vivo and in vitro study of the mechanism of prednisone-induced insulin resistance in healthy subjects","volume":"72","author":"Pagano","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib103","first-page":"262","article-title":"Pseudoprimary aldosteronism from the topical application of 9-alpha-fluorprednisolone to the skin","volume":"22","author":"Montoliu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib104","first-page":"279","article-title":"Common clinical concerns in pediatric dermatology","volume":"60","author":"Brodkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib105","first-page":"125","article-title":"The artful use of topical steroids","volume":"61","author":"Brodkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib106","unstructured":"Weaver J. Postmarketing safety review\u2014PID D010141. Drugs: Topical corticosteroids. FDA Web site. July 9, 2001. Available at: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/ohrms\/dockets\/ac\/03\/briefing\/3999B1_21_Weaver-Memo%2007-09-01.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90319-9","article-title":"The pattern of topical corticosteroid prescribing in the United States, 1989-1991","volume":"35","author":"Stern","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib108","first-page":"561","article-title":"Use of clotrimazole\/betamethasone dipropionate by family physicians","volume":"32","author":"Shaffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(99)80051-4","article-title":"Prescription of high-potency corticosteroid agents and clotrimazole-betamethasone dipropionate by pediatricians","volume":"21","author":"Fleischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198019020-00004","article-title":"TCS: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1986.11699253","article-title":"Topical glucocorticoids: how they are used and misused","volume":"79","author":"Fusaro","year":"1986","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555562270273","article-title":"Comparison of two application schedules for clobetasol 17 propionate","volume":"62","author":"von den Harst","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000422359","article-title":"Design of novel soft corticosteroids","volume":"21","author":"Bodor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb01396.x","article-title":"Identification of cross-reaction patterns in allergic contact dermatitis from TCS","volume":"121","author":"Coopman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)92454-4","article-title":"Ocular effects of topical and systemic corticosteroids","volume":"2","author":"David","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1980.01640310056019","article-title":"Risks of unoccluded topical steroids in clinical trials","volume":"116","author":"Akers","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02264.x","article-title":"Corticosteroid contact allergy: an EECDRG multicentre study","volume":"35","author":"Dooms-Goossens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-2-249","article-title":"Pseudotumor cerebri","volume":"97","author":"Ahlskog","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6112.550-a","article-title":"Benign intracranial hypertension in a child with eczema treated with topical steroids","volume":"1","author":"Hosking","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-67-2-399","article-title":"Mediastinal widening in iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Bodman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1976.03630050086014","article-title":"Cushing syndrome from percutaneous absorption of triamcinolone cream","volume":"136","author":"May","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0300372101","article-title":"Dissociation of transactivation from transrepression by a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist leads to separation of therapeutic effects from side effects","volume":"101","author":"Schacke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962205002550?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962205002550?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T21:39:01Z","timestamp":1759268341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962205002550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962205002550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}