{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:21:31Z","timestamp":1791102091803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,18]],"date-time":"2006-03-18T12:36:31Z","timestamp":1142685391000},"page":"559-578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Tropical dermatology: Bacterial tropical diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Lupi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Madkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen K.","family":"Tyring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib1","first-page":"669","article-title":"Bartonellosis","volume":"128","author":"Descamps","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib2","series-title":"Infectious diseases","first-page":"34","article-title":"Species","author":"Daly","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.344","article-title":"An outbreak of acute bartonellosis (Oroya fever) in the Urubamba region of Peru, in 1998","volume":"61","author":"Ellis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.354","article-title":"A review of bartonellosis in Ecuador and Colombia","volume":"52","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib5","first-page":"235","article-title":"Verruga peruana in Ecuador. Apropos of 3 cases","volume":"5","author":"Ollague","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med Cut Ibero Lat Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1086\/315797","article-title":"Natural history of infection with Bartonella bacilliformis in a nonendemic population","volume":"182","author":"Kosek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1997.00246.x","article-title":"Bacillary angiomatosis, cat-scratch disease, and bartonellosis: what's the connection?","volume":"36","author":"Nosal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib8","first-page":"194","article-title":"An update on human bartonelloses","volume":"46","author":"Pretorius","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410008984173","article-title":"Immune aspects of Bartonella","volume":"26","author":"Karem","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08884.x","article-title":"Contact-dependent hemolytic activity distinct from deformin activity of Bartonella bacilliformis","volume":"182","author":"Hendrix","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10684.x","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the genus Bartonella: what's the current knowledge?","volume":"200","author":"Houpikian","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib12","series-title":"Dermatologia tropical","first-page":"301","article-title":"Ulcera tropical","author":"Talhari","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800067844","article-title":"The isolation of fusobacterium from tropical ulcers","volume":"99","author":"Adriaans","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epidem Inf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib14","first-page":"517","article-title":"Tropical ulcer in pellagra patients","volume":"62","author":"Shah","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib15","first-page":"321","volume":"9","author":"Aribi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Guess what! Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1988.tb02339.x","article-title":"The clinical and epidemiologic features of tropical ulcer (tropical phagedenic ulcer)","volume":"27","author":"Robinson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90402-6","article-title":"Tropical ulcer\u2014a reappraisal based on recent work","volume":"82","author":"Adriaans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib18","series-title":"Dermatologia tropical","first-page":"305","article-title":"Piomiosite tropical","author":"Torres","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02792650","article-title":"Beitrag zur Aetiolgie der myositis acuate","volume":"22","author":"Scriba","year":"1885","journal-title":"Deutsche Zeit Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib20","first-page":"255","article-title":"Pyositis: review of 205 cases in 112 patients","volume":"137","author":"Cheidozi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/21.3.298","article-title":"The etiologic agent and localizing factor of the abscesses in myositis purulent tropical","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"1917","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30638-3","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections in diabetic patients","volume":"9","author":"Breen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90383-8","article-title":"Pyomyositis. Increasing recognition in temperate climates","volume":"77","author":"Gibson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.4.668","article-title":"Pyomyositis in North America: case reports and review","volume":"15","author":"Christin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198909000-00045","article-title":"Nontropical pyomyositis in a renal allograft recipient","volume":"86","author":"Bowen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6586.1524","article-title":"Pyomyositis associated with HIV infection","volume":"294","author":"Watts","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib27","first-page":"305","article-title":"Streptococcus pyomyositis occurring in a patient with dermatomyositis in a country with temperate climate","volume":"19","author":"Soriano","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.70.822.309","article-title":"Toxic shock syndrome associated with pyomyositis","volume":"70","author":"Alsoub","year":"1994","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib29","first-page":"493","article-title":"Pyomyositis: a clinicopathological study based on 19 autopsy cases","volume":"42","author":"Tayler","year":"1970","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.197.1.7568838","article-title":"Pyomyositis: characteristics at CT and MR imaging","volume":"197","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib31","first-page":"190","article-title":"Pyomyositis: clinical and MRI characteristics. Report of three cases","volume":"47","author":"Meena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib32","series-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases: epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment","first-page":"103","article-title":"Donovanosis","author":"Passos","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib33","first-page":"113","article-title":"Precis of operations performed in the wards of the first surgeon, Medical College Hospital, during the year 1881","volume":"11","author":"McLeod","year":"1882","journal-title":"Indian Med Gazette"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761913000200006","article-title":"Pesquisas sobre o granuloma venereo","volume":"5","author":"Aragao","year":"1913","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1939.02800370025006","article-title":"Experimental and clinical granuloma inguinale","volume":"113","author":"Greenblatt","year":"1939","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib36","first-page":"83","article-title":"Donovanosis\u2014granuloma inguinale. incidence, nomenclature, diagnosis","volume":"34","author":"Marmell","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am J Syph Gonor Vener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib37","first-page":"266","article-title":"Studies on granuloma inguinale: growth requirements of Donovania granulomatis and its relationship to the natural habitat of the organism","volume":"35","author":"Goldberg","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib38","first-page":"99","article-title":"Studies on granuloma inguinale: V. Isolation of bacterium resembling Donovania granulomatis from the faeces of a patient with granuloma inguinale","volume":"38","author":"Goldberg","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1986.tb03396.x","article-title":"Donovanosis: current concepts","volume":"25","author":"Sehgal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib40","first-page":"305","article-title":"Donovanose","volume":"52","author":"Pereira","year":"1977","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb01374.x","article-title":"Granuloma inguinale: three cases diagnosed in Toronto, Canada","volume":"92","author":"Hacker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib42","first-page":"27","article-title":"Global eradication of donovanosis: an opportunity for limiting the spread of HIV-1 infection","volume":"95","author":"O'Farrell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)70186-1","article-title":"Granuloma inguinale","volume":"11","author":"Rosen","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(95)02648-7","article-title":"Granuloma inguinale in association with pregnancy and HIV infection","volume":"96","author":"Hoosen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib45","first-page":"175","article-title":"Donovanose em pacientes portadores de AIDS\u2014relato de 2 casos","volume":"65","author":"Jardim","year":"1990","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib46","first-page":"108","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological study of donovanosis in Durban, South Africa","volume":"93","author":"O'Farrell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib47","first-page":"339","article-title":"Granuloma inguinale of cervical lymph nodes simulating tuberculous lymphadenitis: two case reports and review of published reports","volume":"64","author":"Freinkel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib48","first-page":"169","article-title":"Donovanose. Proposta de classificacao clinica","volume":"62","author":"Jardim","year":"1987","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib49","first-page":"357","article-title":"Cultivation of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis in mouse peritoneal macrophage monolayer","volume":"74","author":"Brennand","year":"1999","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib50","series-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases: epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment","first-page":"117","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum","author":"Garrido Neves","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.3.576","article-title":"Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum serovar L1 in homosexual men with proctitis: molecular analysis of an unusual case cluster","volume":"20","author":"Bauwens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-43-11186P","article-title":"Agent of lymphogranuloma venereum in the yolk sac of the developing chick embryo","volume":"43","author":"Rake","year":"1940","journal-title":"Proc Soc Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03676.x","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis 60 Kda cysteine rich outer membrane protein: sequence homology between trachoma and LGV biovars","volume":"53","author":"Watson","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.4.662","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum: 27 cases in Paris","volume":"160","author":"Scieux","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib55","first-page":"269","article-title":"Doenca de Nicolas Favre e sua incidencia entre meretrizes de Fortaleza","volume":"10","author":"Sales","year":"1953","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib56","first-page":"275","article-title":"Linfogranuloma venereo: aspectos clinico-epidemiologicos","volume":"69","author":"Roselino","year":"1994","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1999.tb00762.x","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting with a psoas abscess","volume":"29","author":"Speers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.105158","article-title":"An overview of sexually transmitted diseases. III. Sexually transmitted diseases in HIV-infected patients","volume":"43","author":"Czelusta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-0997(1999)7:4<199::AID-IDOG7>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as a rectovaginal fistula","volume":"7","author":"Lynch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1991.tb04215.x","article-title":"Endemic treponematoses. I. Yaws","volume":"30","author":"Engelkens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3219-3225.2000","article-title":"Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue displays pathogenic properties different from those of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum","volume":"68","author":"Wicher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1126\/science.292.5519.1091","article-title":"Can genes solve the syphilis mystery?","volume":"292","author":"Zimmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00833.x","article-title":"Yaws: a review of the last 50 years","volume":"39","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib64","first-page":"599","article-title":"Yaws, a study based on over 2,000 cases treated in American Samoa","volume":"18","author":"Hunt","year":"1923","journal-title":"US Navy Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(09)80096-0","article-title":"Nonvenereal treponematosis","volume":"31","author":"Castro","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib66","first-page":"425","article-title":"Tertiary pinta: case reports and overview","volume":"51","author":"Fuchs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01485.x","article-title":"Yaws control\/eradication","volume":"33","author":"Sehgal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib68","first-page":"343","article-title":"Yaws in Ecuador; impact of control measures on the disease in the province of Esmeraldas","volume":"71","author":"Anselmi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib69","series-title":"Dermatologia tropical","first-page":"291","article-title":"Pinta","author":"Talhari","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(09)80094-7","article-title":"Nonvenereal treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis, and pinta","volume":"31","author":"Falabella","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib71","first-page":"283","article-title":"Treponematoses humanas no Brasil","volume":"47","author":"Padilha-Goncalves","year":"1972","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib72","first-page":"190","article-title":"Pinta experimental","volume":"1","author":"Padilha-Goncalves","year":"1949","journal-title":"Bol Soc Bras Derm Sif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib73","first-page":"7","article-title":"Estudo etno-biol\u00f3gico sobre os \u00edndios do alto Rio Negro, Amazonas. Transmiss\u00e3o ritual e transmiss\u00e3o criminosa da espiroquetose discr\u00f4mica (pupu-puru, pinto). Entre os \u00edndios do Rio I\u00e7an\u00e3","volume":"29","author":"Biocca","year":"1945","journal-title":"Arq Biol (S Paulo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib74","first-page":"149","article-title":"Epidemiology of endemic non-venereal treponematoses","volume":"147","author":"Talhari","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1991.tb04626.x","article-title":"Endemic treponematoses. II. Pinta and endemic syphilis","volume":"30","author":"Engelkens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00007-3","article-title":"Nonvenereal treponematoses in tropical countries","volume":"17","author":"Engelkens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1990.tb02554.x","article-title":"Cutaneous tuberculosis: current concepts","volume":"29","author":"Sehgal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01534.x","article-title":"Cutaneous tuberculosis: the evolving scenario","volume":"33","author":"Sehgal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib79","first-page":"211","article-title":"Tuberculose cutanea: aspectos clinicos, etiopatogenia e dados epidemiologicos","volume":"64","author":"Zielonogora","year":"1989","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib80","first-page":"227","article-title":"Cutaneous tuberculosis yesterday and today","volume":"117","author":"Garcia Perez","year":"2000","journal-title":"An R Acad Nac Med (Madrid)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00567.x","volume":"37","author":"Ozkan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scrofuloderma. Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib82","first-page":"107","article-title":"Tuberculose cutanea: avaliacao retrospectiva (1981 a 1990)","volume":"71","author":"Diogenes","year":"1996","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1989.tb02478.x","article-title":"Cutaneous tuberculosis","volume":"28","author":"Kakakhel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70062-K","article-title":"Lupus vulgaris: clinical, histopathological and bacteriological study of 10 cases","volume":"26","author":"Marcoval","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib85","first-page":"91","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the skin","volume":"95","author":"Kar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)80205-3","article-title":"Cutaneous tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90532-0","article-title":"Diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis","volume":"35","author":"Degitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03244.x","article-title":"Development of a polymerase chain reaction dot-blotting system for detecting cutaneous tuberculosis","volume":"142","author":"Arora","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib89","series-title":"Leprosy","first-page":"1","article-title":"The history of leprosy","author":"Browne","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00213-5","article-title":"Genomics: leprosy\u2014a degenerative disease of the genome","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib91","series-title":"Leprosy: in its clinical and pathological aspects","year":"1895"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.20.1.1265","article-title":"The mycobacteria: an introduction to nomenclature and pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Rastogi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib93","series-title":"Leprosy","first-page":"134","article-title":"Clinical leprosy","author":"Pfaltzgraff","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib94","first-page":"81","article-title":"Leprosy: forgotten but not eradicated","volume":"50","author":"East-Innis","year":"2001","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib95","first-page":"209","article-title":"Hanseniase: situacao atual","volume":"69","author":"Talhari","year":"1994","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1086\/319357","article-title":"Update on leprosy in immigrants in the United States: status in the year 2000","volume":"32","author":"Ooi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib97","first-page":"17","article-title":"Epidemiology study of Hansen's disease in metropolitan France between 1995 and 1998","volume":"128","author":"Flageul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib98","first-page":"504","article-title":"International Congress of Leprosy, Madrid 1953. Report of the committee on classification","volume":"21","year":"1953","journal-title":"Int J Leprosy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5935\/0305-7518.19620014","article-title":"A classification of leprosy for research purposes","volume":"33","author":"Ridley","year":"1962","journal-title":"Leprosy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib100","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity\u2014a five group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Leprosy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib101","first-page":"172","article-title":"The elimination of leprosy in the year 2000: what will be the fate of Antonio and Bajamut?","volume":"19","author":"Olle-Goig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Enferm Infec Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib102","first-page":"94","article-title":"Leprosy surveillance in low-prevalence situations","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez Ochoa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Pubica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17217","article-title":"Leprosy. An overview from a pediatric perspective","volume":"213","author":"Magdorf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Klin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib104","first-page":"129","article-title":"The histoid variety of lepromatous leprosy","volume":"31","author":"Wade","year":"1963","journal-title":"Int J Leprosy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib105","first-page":"63","article-title":"A cura da hanseniase X magnitude das recidivas","volume":"72","author":"Oliveira","year":"1997","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib106","first-page":"205","article-title":"Envolvimento ganglionar na hanseniase virchowiana: A proposito de um caso de reacao hansenica simulando linfogranuloma venereo","volume":"71","author":"Nery","year":"1996","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib107","first-page":"426","article-title":"Immuno-histopathology in the diagnosis of early leprosy","volume":"68","author":"Weng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90104-9","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: Buruli ulcer","volume":"93","author":"Thangaraj","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib109","series-title":"Dermatologia Tropical","first-page":"283","article-title":"Micobacteriose atipica","author":"Pradinaud","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-6-511","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans\u2014a mini-review","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib111","first-page":"46","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of Buruli ulcer in Cote d'Ivoire: results of a national survey","volume":"94","author":"Kanga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.919","article-title":"Human Mycobacterium ulcerans infection developing at sites of trauma to skin","volume":"23","author":"Meyers","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5403.854","article-title":"Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence","volume":"283","author":"George","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.3.577","article-title":"Immunosuppressive properties of the soluble toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"157","author":"Pimsler","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib115","first-page":"262","article-title":"Buruli ulcer: risk of bone involvement! Apropos of 33 cases observed in Benin","volume":"60","author":"Lagarrigue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.131.6.741","article-title":"Traditional treatment of Buruli ulcer in Benin","volume":"131","author":"Guedenom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib117","first-page":"839","article-title":"Specific effect of temperature upon transmission of the plague bacillus by the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis","volume":"31","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/124.4.367","article-title":"Clinical features of plague in the United States: the 1969\u20131970 epidemic","volume":"124","author":"Palmer","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.1.113","article-title":"Septicemic plague in New Mexico","volume":"155","author":"Hull","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib120","first-page":"485","article-title":"Plague masquerading as gastrointestinal illness","volume":"145","author":"Hull","year":"1986","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.02.005","article-title":"Evaluation of a standardized F1 capsular antigen capture ELISA test kit for the rapid diagnosis of plague","volume":"41","author":"Splettstoesser","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.4.6.965","article-title":"Yersinia pestis (plague) vaccines","volume":"4","author":"Titball","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7973702","article-title":"The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979","volume":"266","author":"Meselson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib124","series-title":"Histopathology of the skin","first-page":"290","article-title":"Bacterial diseases","author":"Lever","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3471-3477.2004","article-title":"Contribution of immunological memory to protective immunity conferred by a Bacillus anthracis protective antigen-based vaccine","volume":"72","author":"Marcus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.16.1994","article-title":"One-year health assessment of adult survivors of Bacillus anthracis infection","volume":"291","author":"Reissman","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5858\/2004-128-709-CA","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax","volume":"128","author":"Godyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02223.x","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis contamination and inhalational anthrax in a mail processing distribution center","volume":"96","author":"Sanderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib129","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Death at Sverdlovsk: what have we learned?","volume":"144","author":"Walker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.5.890","article-title":"Melioidosis: a major cause of community-acquired septicemia in northeastern Thailand","volume":"159","author":"Chaowagul","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.3.413","article-title":"Melioidosis: review and update","volume":"11","author":"Leelarasamee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107263450404","article-title":"Glanders in a military research microbiologist","volume":"345","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.5.818","article-title":"Tularemia in adults and children: a changing presentation","volume":"76","author":"Jacobs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1986.01660190096025","article-title":"Hemorrhagic bullae associated with Vibrio vulnificus septicemia","volume":"122","author":"Tyring","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70269-Y","article-title":"Fatal septicemia and bullae caused by non-01 Vibrio cholerae","volume":"29","author":"Newman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(00)00260-2","article-title":"Emergency department presentations of typhoid fever","volume":"19","author":"Hoffner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1984.01650450109032","article-title":"Cutaneous findings in a case of psittacosis","volume":"120","author":"Semel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.3.489","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"20","author":"Raoult","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.07.014","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962205013162?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962205013162?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T20:16:11Z","timestamp":1683404171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962205013162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962205013162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}}}