{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:12:31Z","timestamp":1777443151047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,24]],"date-time":"2006-02-24T07:20:44Z","timestamp":1140765644000},"page":"581-588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Cutaneous manifestations of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: An institutional urban clinic experience"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Pedro C. Queiroz","family":"Zancanaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Y.","family":"McGirt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Mamelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruby H.-N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciro R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680090113015","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Part II","volume":"127","author":"Dover","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680080119015","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Part I","volume":"127","author":"Dover","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01032-X","article-title":"HIV-related skin diseases","volume":"348","author":"Tschachler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70295-0","article-title":"Correlation of skin disorders with CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"36","author":"Goldstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555580144","article-title":"Incidence and prognostic significance of skin disease in patients with HIV\/AIDS: a 5-year observational study","volume":"80","author":"Jensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121700.x","article-title":"HIV-related skin disease","volume":"158","author":"McCrossin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s001050050139","article-title":"[HIV-associated dermatoses and their prevalence in 456 HIV-infected patients. Relation to immune status and its importance as a diagnostic marker]","volume":"45","author":"Garbe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70066-8","article-title":"Dermatologic findings and manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"16","author":"Kaplan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02717.x","article-title":"Protracted cutaneous disorders in association with low CD4+ lymphocyte counts","volume":"133","author":"Kurwa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00945.x","article-title":"Dermatologic manifestations among human immunodeficiency virus patients in south India","volume":"39","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804303381808","article-title":"HIV-protease inhibitors","volume":"338","author":"Flexner","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70101-7","article-title":"Update on the cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection. Clinical and pathologic features","volume":"17","author":"Aftergut","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200216004-00009","article-title":"The changing clinical epidemiology of AIDS in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"16","author":"Sabin","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib14","first-page":"861","article-title":"Update: trends in AIDS incidence\u2014United States, 1996","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200104010-00006","article-title":"Changing clinical presentation and survival in HIV-associated tuberculosis after highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"26","author":"Girardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02069-9","article-title":"Survival after introduction of HAART in people with known duration of HIV-1 infection. The CASCADE Collaboration. Concerted Action on SeroConversion to AIDS and Death in Europe","volume":"355","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2001.0810","article-title":"The changing pattern of AIDS-defining illnesses with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a London clinic","volume":"42","author":"Ives","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1086\/381264","article-title":"The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on dermatologic disease in a longitudinal study of HIV type 1-infected women","volume":"38","author":"Maurer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203010-00006","article-title":"Changing morbidity of cutaneous diseases in patients with HIV after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy including a protease inhibitor","volume":"3","author":"Calista","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199714000-00010","article-title":"Changing incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses in the era of antiretroviral combination therapy","volume":"11","author":"Brodt","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200005260-00025","article-title":"Decline of infectious skin manifestations in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"Hengge","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00703-3","article-title":"Herpes zoster as an immune reconstitution disease after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection","volume":"110","author":"Domingo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2004.00101.x","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic characterization of photosensitivity in HIV-positive individuals","volume":"20","author":"Bilu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0560.2002.290205.x","article-title":"The histopathology of folliculitis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"29","author":"Holmes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79021-8","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"351","author":"French","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199803000-00004","article-title":"The Women's Interagency HIV Study. WIHS Collaborative Study Group","volume":"9","author":"Barkan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib27","first-page":"188","article-title":"The spectrum of HIV related skin diseases in an Irish population","volume":"86","author":"Healy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02310.x","article-title":"Dermatological findings correlated with CD4 lymphocyte counts in a prospective 3 year study of 1161 patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease predominantly acquired through intravenous drug abuse","volume":"139","author":"Munoz-Perez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03793.x","article-title":"The prevalence of skin disease in HIV infection and its relationship to the degree of immunosuppression","volume":"137","author":"Uthayakumar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01649.x","article-title":"Prevalence of dermatological disorders in Thai HIV-infected patients correlated with different CD4 lymphocyte count statuses: a note on 120 cases","volume":"43","author":"Wiwanitkit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00337.x","article-title":"Dermatological immune restoration syndrome: does it exist?","volume":"15","author":"Handa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00885.x","article-title":"Intractable pruritus in HIV infection: immunologic characterization","volume":"54","author":"Milazzo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.615","article-title":"Eosinophilia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"174","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1990.6.427","article-title":"Serum IgE levels in 622 persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection: IgE elevation with marked depletion of CD4+ T-cells","volume":"6","author":"Lucey","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-199905010-00003","article-title":"Role of protease inhibitors in preventing recurrent oral candidosis in patients with HIV infection: a prospective case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Cauda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(01)00200-1","article-title":"Immune dysfunction and immune restoration disease in HIV patients given highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Price","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131375.21070.06","article-title":"Immune restoration disease after antiretroviral therapy","volume":"18","author":"French","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib38","first-page":"36A","article-title":"The interaction between herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"11","author":"Celum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.11.1427","article-title":"Molluscum contagiosum in an immune reconstituted AIDS patient","volume":"87","author":"Albini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1293.2000.00012.x","article-title":"Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"1","author":"French","year":"2000","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70236-5","article-title":"Cutaneous findings in HIV-1-positive patients: a 42-month prospective study. Military Medical Consortium for the Advancement of Retroviral Research (MMCARR)","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34S","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12388507","article-title":"Epidemiology of skin disease in HIV infection: a cohort study of health maintenance organization members","volume":"102","author":"Stern","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-6-200303180-00008","article-title":"High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse","volume":"138","author":"Piketty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib44","first-page":"57","article-title":"Dermatological diseases and signs of HIV infection","volume":"7","author":"Kreuter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70243-5","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Mathes","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02187.x","article-title":"The impact of human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) on skin disease in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"43","author":"Mosam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302002000100030","article-title":"Skin diseases in patients with AIDS: study in 55 cases in Uberlandia, MG, Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Gomides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200107010-00006","article-title":"Detrimental effects of continued illicit drug use on the treatment of HIV-1 infection","volume":"27","author":"Lucas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019096220504956X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019096220504956X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:02:08Z","timestamp":1759269728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S019096220504956X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S019096220504956X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cutaneous manifestations of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: An institutional urban clinic experience","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.12.030","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}