{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:53:25Z","timestamp":1791017605747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,13]],"date-time":"2008-04-13T08:15:53Z","timestamp":1208074553000},"page":"S129-S132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"special_numbering":"S2","title":["Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Darrell S.","family":"Rigel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Malignant melanoma: prevention, early detection, and treatment in the 21st century","volume":"50","author":"Rigel","year":"2000","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib2","article-title":"Skin DNA photodamage and its biological consequences","author":"Marrot","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.7.523","article-title":"UV radiation specific p53 mutation frequency in normal skin as a predictor of risk of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"90","author":"Ouhtit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of skin cancer induction by ultraviolet irradiation of albino hairless mice","volume":"52","author":"De Gruijl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.14.6666","article-title":"Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma","volume":"90","author":"Setlow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)073<0020:DRFURA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dose response for ultraviolet radiation A-induced focal melanocytic hyperplasia and nonmelanoma skin tumors in Monodelphis domestica","volume":"73","author":"Ley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)61033-1","article-title":"Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 1: epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis","volume":"82","author":"Markovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22453","article-title":"The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review","volume":"120","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00198-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of skin cancer","volume":"63","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib10","volume":"Vol 5","author":"Muir","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib11","series-title":"Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States","author":"Scotto","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19991215)18:23<3167::AID-SIM308>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Simultaneous smoothing and adjusting mortality rates in US counties: melanoma in white females and white males","volume":"18","author":"Kafadar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.09.011","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the occurrence of cutaneous melanoma in Europe: influence of latitude. An analysis using the EUROCARE group of registries","volume":"41","author":"Boniol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07995.x","article-title":"Epidemiological support for an hypothesis for melanoma induction indicating a role for UVA radiation","volume":"70","author":"Moan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70542-6","article-title":"Effects of altitude and latitude on ambient UVB radiation","volume":"40","author":"Rigel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib16","first-page":"3992","article-title":"Average midrange ultraviolet radiation flux and time outdoors predict melanoma risk","volume":"62","author":"Fears","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/3.4.325","article-title":"Relationship of melanoma and other skin cancer mortality to latitude and ultraviolet radiation in the United States and Canada","volume":"3","author":"Elwood","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000301)85:5<627::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Site-specific risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma and pattern of sun exposure in New Zealand","volume":"85","author":"Bulliard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib19","first-page":"831","article-title":"Cutaneous melanoma in women: anatomic distribution in relation to sun exposure and phenotype","volume":"4","author":"Cress","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(02)00385-8","article-title":"Lower body anatomical distribution of solar ultraviolet radiation on the human form in standing and sitting postures","volume":"69","author":"Parisi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.3.418","article-title":"Association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with intermittent exposure to ultraviolet radiation: results of a case-control study in Ontario, Canada","volume":"28","author":"Walter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib22","first-page":"75","article-title":"Cutaneous malignant melanoma and indicators of total accumulated exposure to the sun: an analysis separating histogenetic types","volume":"73","author":"Holman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib23","first-page":"29","article-title":"Cancer incidence patterns (1972-91) among migrants from the Soviet Union to Israel","volume":"9","author":"Iscovich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00496-3","article-title":"Cancer risks in Nordic immigrants and their offspring in Sweden","volume":"38","author":"Hemminki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04070.x","article-title":"Timing of excessive ultraviolet radiation and melanoma: epidemiology does not support the existence of a critical period of high susceptibility to solar ultraviolet radiation-induced melanoma","volume":"144","author":"Pfahlberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59410-6_2","article-title":"UV protection and skin cancer","volume":"160","author":"Dummer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib27","article-title":"Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection form the solar UV simulated radiation and natural sunlight-induced immunosuppression in humans","author":"Moyal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib28","article-title":"The benefits of daily photoprotection","author":"Seite","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2000.00693.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of melanoma","volume":"25","author":"Marks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12168-2","article-title":"Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"354","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690140054008","article-title":"High sun-protection factor sunscreens in the suppression of actinic neoplasia","volume":"131","author":"Naylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70564-5","article-title":"Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in patients with nonfamilial atypical nevi from a pigmented lesions clinic","volume":"40","author":"Snels","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)70143-1","article-title":"The Eastern Australian childhood nevus study: site differences in density and size of melanocytic nevi in relation to latitude and phenotype","volume":"48","author":"MacLennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib34","first-page":"407","article-title":"Trends by anatomic site in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Canada, 1969-93","volume":"10","author":"Bulliard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12650450","article-title":"Relative importance of prior basal cell carcinomas. Continuing sun exposure, and circulating lymphocytes-T on the development of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"99","author":"Robinson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20001201)88:5<838::AID-IJC25>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"An international evaluation of the cancer-preventive potential of sunscreens","volume":"88","author":"Vainio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.7.1173","article-title":"Use of topical sunscreens and the risk of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis of 9067 patients from 11 case-control studies","volume":"92","author":"Huncharek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(02)00024-4","article-title":"The effect of sunscreen on melanoma risk","volume":"20","author":"Rigel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.109299","article-title":"Comparison of UVA protection afforded by high sun protection factor sunscreens","volume":"43","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203030-00005","article-title":"Sunscreens: safety, efficacy and appropriate use","volume":"3","author":"Moloney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib41","article-title":"Rationale of sunscreen development","author":"Forestier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1028","article-title":"Hat-wearing patterns in persons attending baseball games","volume":"54","author":"Rigel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.12.1447","article-title":"what is the evidence for a sunscreen and melanoma controversy?","volume":"136","author":"Rigel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962207024139?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962207024139?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:08:21Z","timestamp":1759270101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962207024139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962207024139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}