{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T20:28:57Z","timestamp":1772310537260,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,15]],"date-time":"2010-01-15T00:58:20Z","timestamp":1263517100000},"page":"270-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Perineural invasion progressing to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: Is the absence of peripheral nerves an important sign?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Dunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830101)51:1<154::AID-CNCR2820510130>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. How does cancer reach the pia-arachnoid?","volume":"51","author":"Kokkoris","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2617-5","article-title":"Metastatic disease of the brain: extra-axial metastases (skull, dura, leptomeningeal) and tumor spread","volume":"15","author":"Maroldi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(93)90150-A","article-title":"Perineural infiltration in basal cell carcinomas","volume":"46","author":"Niazi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000401)88:7<1605::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Perineural spread of basal cell carcinomas treated with Mohs micrographic surgery","volume":"88","author":"Ratner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1952.01530290003001","article-title":"Modes of spread of cancer of the skin","volume":"66","author":"Mohs","year":"1952","journal-title":"AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2006.01411.x","article-title":"Periocular squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Limawararut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.10.868","article-title":"Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery","volume":"52","author":"Leibovitch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2007.34002.x","article-title":"Longitudinal diminution of tumor size for basal cell carcinoma suggests shifting referral patterns for Mohs surgery","volume":"34","author":"Kaplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(22)01569-X","article-title":"The dissemination of tumors of the head and neck via the cranial nerves","volume":"8","author":"Dodd","year":"1970","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm199","article-title":"Denervation of skin in neuropathies: the sequence of axonal and Schwann cell changes in skin biopsies","volume":"130","author":"Ebenezer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70131-8","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with perineural invasion","volume":"31","author":"Lawrence","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22509","article-title":"What is the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion?","volume":"109","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib13","first-page":"987","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic studies of perineural invasion by esophageal carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Takubo","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(90)90246-O","article-title":"Carcinoma of the lower lip with perineural extension to the middle cranial fossa","volume":"69","author":"Anderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1997.01900080105013","article-title":"Neurotropic cutaneous tumors of the head and neck","volume":"123","author":"Osguthorpe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2005.07.017","article-title":"New-onset facial paralysis and undiagnosed recurrence of cutaneous malignancy: evaluation and management","volume":"27","author":"Scurry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200303000-00032","article-title":"Regional spread of nonneurogenic tumors to the skull base via the facial nerve","volume":"24","author":"Selesnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1989.tb03410.x","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy as a result of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin","volume":"15","author":"Nelson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/01.coc.0000144853.76112.3d","article-title":"Neurotropic melanoma of the head and neck with clinical perineural invasion","volume":"28","author":"Newlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030610014","article-title":"Intracranial spread of squamous carcinoma along the trigeminal nerve","volume":"100","author":"Trobe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1990.01670260065012","article-title":"Basosquamous cell carcinoma with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"126","author":"Pena","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(78)90440-1","article-title":"Perineural invasion by squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip","volume":"46","author":"Mickalites","year":"1978","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460500400304","article-title":"Perineural invasion of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip with occult involvement of the infra-orbital nerve detected by PET-CT and treated with MRI-based IMRT: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.2006.01577.x","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from perineural invasion of a lip squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024328215432","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases from recurrent squamous cell cancer of the skin","volume":"63","author":"Begemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.07.020","article-title":"Perineural extension to the skull base from early cutaneous malignancies of the midface","volume":"137","author":"Padhya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2004.11.013","article-title":"Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin with leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"26","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib28","first-page":"112","article-title":"[Progressive cranial neuropathy due to perineural spread of a facial squamous cell carcinoma.] Spanish","volume":"18","author":"Reyes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1673.2000.00817.x","article-title":"Perineural spread leading to orbital invasion from skin cancer","volume":"44","author":"Veness","year":"2000","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib30","first-page":"4723","article-title":"Mental nerve invasion by basal cell carcinoma of the chin: a case report","volume":"18","author":"DiGregorio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(93)90230-2","article-title":"Perineural spread of squamous cell carcinoma involving trigeminal and facial nerves","volume":"75","author":"Schifter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198404000-00012","article-title":"Facial pain due to perineural invasion by basal cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Eng","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197711)40:5<2181::AID-CNCR2820400528>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma with intraneural invasion","volume":"40","author":"Mark","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.04.026","article-title":"Determination of perineural invasion preoperatively on radiographic images","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol-Head and Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.01.001","article-title":"Perineural tumor spread","volume":"18","author":"Maroldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02489982","article-title":"Perineural spread in head and neck malignancies","volume":"24","author":"Ojiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rmr.0000130601.57619.bd","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of perineural spread of head and neck malignancies","volume":"15","author":"Gandhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(63)90074-6","article-title":"The extension of cancer of the head and neck through peripheral nerves","volume":"106","author":"Ballantyne","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10303","article-title":"Small nerve fiber involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a controlled study","volume":"46","author":"Omdal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg039","article-title":"Cutaneous innervations in Guillain-Barre syndrome: pathology and clinical correlations","volume":"126","author":"Pan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.1.115","article-title":"Reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy","volume":"58","author":"Polydefkis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1701","article-title":"Epidermal nerve innervations in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes-associated neuropathy","volume":"57","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.3.269","article-title":"Perineural spread by squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a morphological study using antiaxonal and antimyelin monoclonal antibodies","volume":"36","author":"Carter","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198610000-00015","article-title":"Prognostic implications of perineural spread in squamous cell\u00a0carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"96","author":"Soo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1988.tb01157.x","article-title":"Management considerations for cutaneous neurophilic tumors","volume":"14","author":"Birkby","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03241.x","article-title":"Mohs micrographic surgery: technical difficulties posed by perineural invasion","volume":"31","author":"Matorin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962209009396?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962209009396?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:16:40Z","timestamp":1759270600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962209009396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962209009396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perineural invasion progressing to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: Is the absence of peripheral nerves an important sign?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.083","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}