{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:57:47Z","timestamp":1791035867291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]],"date-time":"2011-03-17T04:38:36Z","timestamp":1300336716000},"page":"639-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Lyme disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Chinmoy","family":"Bhate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992-2006","volume":"57","author":"Bacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.629","article-title":"Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Dennis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000412","article-title":"Aspects of Lyme borreliosis in Europe","volume":"20","author":"Weber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib4","first-page":"990","article-title":"Risk assessment in Lyme borreliosis","volume":"111","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"suppl\u00a010","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib5","first-page":"S49","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in European children and adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Dressler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2004.229","article-title":"Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in East Asia","volume":"57","author":"Masuzawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200104000-00004","article-title":"Lyme disease in central Europe","volume":"14","author":"Hercogov\u00e1","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2008.00192.x","article-title":"Syphilis and borreliosis during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Hercogov\u00e1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Steere","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610243351703","article-title":"Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. Pediatric Lyme Disease Study Group","volume":"335","author":"Gerber","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib11","first-page":"229","article-title":"Diagnosing Lyme disease: often simple, often difficult","volume":"47","author":"Schutzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200306123482423","article-title":"The presenting manifestations of Lyme disease and the outcomes of treatment","volume":"348","author":"Steere","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib13","first-page":"296","article-title":"Dermatological manifestations of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"14","author":"M\u00fcllegger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib14","first-page":"819","article-title":"Arthropods in dermatology","volume":"50","author":"Steen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03175.x","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for diagnosis and management in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Stanek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.23.2617","article-title":"Does this patient have erythema migrans?","volume":"297","author":"Tibbles","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.012","article-title":"Erythema migrans","volume":"22","author":"Dandache","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.005","article-title":"Lyme disease: laboratory issues","volume":"22","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117346","article-title":"Early and specific antibody response to OspA in Lyme disease","volume":"94","author":"Schutzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.50.4.186","article-title":"A two year prospective study to compare culture and polymerase chain reaction amplification for the detection and diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"50","author":"Picken","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/589242","article-title":"Prospective study of serologic tests for Lyme disease","volume":"47","author":"Steere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib22","first-page":"590","article-title":"Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00139.x","article-title":"Microbiological and serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"49","author":"Wilske","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01019.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Brouqui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1086\/589316","article-title":"Editorial commentary: laboratory testing for Lyme disease: time for a change?","volume":"47","author":"Weinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1086\/313532","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of early Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin","volume":"29","author":"Belongia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1086\/339813","article-title":"Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease","volume":"34","author":"Krause","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib28","first-page":"916","article-title":"Risk of Lyme disease: perceptions of residents of a Lone Star tick\u2013infested community","volume":"79","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1086\/432935","article-title":"Prospective clinical evaluation of patients from Missouri and New York with erythema migrans\u2013like skin lesions","volume":"41","author":"Wormser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.010","article-title":"STARI, or Masters disease: Lone Star tick\u2013vectored Lyme-like illness","volume":"22","author":"Masters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2009.01244.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases with cutaneous manifestations","volume":"22","author":"Dana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31817a8b3f","article-title":"Southern tick\u2013associated rash illness: erythema migrans is not always Lyme disease","volume":"101","author":"Blanton","year":"2008","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1086\/324490","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostic techniques for patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans: a comparison of different techniques","volume":"33","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib34","first-page":"83","article-title":"The significance of immunoblot tests in diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis in children","volume":"62","author":"Oldak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.62","article-title":"Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"282","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-12-199712150-00011","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation in the diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"127","author":"Tugwell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500140064037","article-title":"The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"269","author":"Steere","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.5.789","article-title":"Antibody response in Lyme disease: evaluation of diagnostic tests","volume":"149","author":"Craft","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.2.181-184.1984","article-title":"Comparison of an indirect fluorescent-antibody test with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological studies of Lyme disease","volume":"20","author":"Magnarelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31848.x","article-title":"Serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"539","author":"Magnarelli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1086\/322669","article-title":"Persistence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10-20 years after active Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Kalish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112683","article-title":"Antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi recognized during Lyme disease. Appearance of a new immunoglobulin M response and expansion of the immunoglobulin G response late in the illness","volume":"78","author":"Craft","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(03)00089-0","article-title":"Laboratory testing for suspected Lyme disease","volume":"86","author":"Bunikis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0216.A","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant line immunoblot for detection of Lyme disease in Slovakia: comparison with two other immunoassays","volume":"8","author":"Lencakova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.484-509.2005","article-title":"Diagnosis of lyme borreliosis","volume":"18","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0445-7","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE antigen for the serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"27","author":"Marangoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1086\/374395","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates","volume":"187","author":"Bacon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.392","article-title":"Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"167","author":"Dressler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490070073045","article-title":"Performance of 45 laboratories participating in a proficiency testing program for Lyme disease serology","volume":"268","author":"Bakken","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00200-08","article-title":"Evaluation of two commercial systems for automated processing, reading, and interpretation of Lyme borreliosis Western blots","volume":"46","author":"Binnicker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.2.419-427.1995","article-title":"Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Engstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90606-6","article-title":"Sequestration of antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in immune complexes in seronegative Lyme disease","volume":"335","author":"Schutzer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.20.1942","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi\u2013specific immune complexes in acute Lyme disease","volume":"282","author":"Schutzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib54","first-page":"167","article-title":"Early OspA immune complex formation in animal models of Lyme disease","volume":"5","author":"Schutzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib55","first-page":"267","article-title":"Lyme disease during pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Schutzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib56","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Detection of immune complexes is not independent of detection of antibodies in Lyme disease patients and does not confirm active infection with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"12","author":"Marques","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.2.304","article-title":"Intrathecal production of specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth\u2019s syndrome)","volume":"153","author":"Wilske","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1194","article-title":"Oligoclonal Borrelia burgdorferi\u2013specific IgG antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"161","author":"Hansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300212","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis: a new sensitive diagnostic assay for intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia burgdorferi\u2013specific immunoglobulin G, A, and M","volume":"30","author":"Hansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.3.1050-1056.1991","article-title":"Anti- Borrelia burgdorferi antibody response over the course of Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"59","author":"Baig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.6.1276-1279.1990","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of nonspecific treponemal antibody in serologic tests for Lyme disease","volume":"28","author":"Magnarelli","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02098084","article-title":"Cross-reactive proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"11","author":"Bruckbauer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05095-0","article-title":"Improved serodiagnosis of erythema migrans using novel recombinant borrelial BBK32 antigens","volume":"52","author":"Lahdenne","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1086\/375371","article-title":"Recombinant or peptide antigens in the serology of Lyme arthritis in children","volume":"187","author":"Heikkil\u00e4","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1086\/649921","article-title":"A commentary on the treatment of early lyme disease","volume":"50","author":"Dattwyler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.2.359-361.1992","article-title":"Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from erythema migrans lesions and perilesional skin","volume":"30","author":"Berger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.4.708","article-title":"Different genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi are associated with distinct clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"17","author":"van Dam","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1648-1650.2000","article-title":"Comparison of the yields of blood cultures using serum or plasma from patients with early Lyme disease","volume":"38","author":"Wormser","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.11.3243-3247.1998","article-title":"Detection of active infection in nonhuman primates with Lyme neuroborreliosis: comparison of PCR, culture, and a bioassay","volume":"36","author":"Pachner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib70","first-page":"99","article-title":"Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods for demonstration of spirochetes in skin biopsies","volume":"3","author":"Zanconati","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Ljubljana)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib71","first-page":"123","article-title":"Dermatopathologic diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"5","author":"H\u00f6dl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Ljubljana)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib72","unstructured":"Chodynicka B, Schwartz RA, Flisiak I. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Available at: http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1051695-overview. Accessed June 20, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib73","first-page":"135","article-title":"Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of dermatoborreliosis","volume":"10","author":"Weger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Ljubljana)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401273300401","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis","volume":"330","author":"Nocton","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1086\/520439","article-title":"Effective use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of central nervous system infections","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03709.x","article-title":"Examination of specific DNA by PCR in patients with different forms of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"47","author":"P\u00edcha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.185","article-title":"PCR in laboratory diagnosis of human Borrelia burgdorferi infections","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.12.3082-3088.1992","article-title":"Diagnosis of early Lyme disease by polymerase chain reaction amplification and culture of skin biopsies from erythema migrans lesions","volume":"30","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.7.1646-1653.1992","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in urine samples and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with early and late Lyme neuroborreliosis by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"30","author":"Lebech","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"suppl\u00a033","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80023-6","article-title":"Evidence of a Lyme borreliosis infection from the viewpoint of laboratory medicine","volume":"291","author":"Lange","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000292277","article-title":"Confirmation of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes by polymerase chain reaction in placentas of women with reactive serology for Lyme antibodies","volume":"41","author":"Figueroa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-1-22","article-title":"Treatment of the early manifestations of Lyme disease","volume":"99","author":"Steere","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93103-V","article-title":"Amoxycillin plus probenecid versus doxycycline for treatment of erythema migrans borreliosis","volume":"336","author":"Dattwyler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/314053","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. The Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"31","author":"Wormser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/508667","article-title":"The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"43","author":"Wormser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-4-273","article-title":"Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in the treatment of early Lyme disease","volume":"117","author":"Nadelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.3.661","article-title":"Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in treatment of patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans","volume":"39","author":"Luger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.8.1788","article-title":"In vitro susceptibilities of Borrelia burgdorferi to five oral cephalosporins and ceftriaxone","volume":"36","author":"Agger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00002","article-title":"Azithromycin compared with amoxicillin in the treatment of erythema migrans. A\u00a0double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Luft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.1173","article-title":"Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early Lyme disease","volume":"109","author":"Eppes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01644967","article-title":"Penicillin G sodium and ceftriaxone in the treatment of neuroborreliosis in children\u2014a prospective study","volume":"19","author":"M\u00fcllegger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050214","article-title":"Neuroborreliosis","volume":"245","author":"Kaiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520470044025","article-title":"Cefotaxime vs penicillin G for acute neurologic manifestations in Lyme borreliosis. A\u00a0prospective randomized study","volume":"46","author":"Pfister","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.2.311","article-title":"Randomized comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"163","author":"Pfister","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.7.1203","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous penicillin G and oral doxycycline for treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"44","author":"Karlsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/003655401300077225","article-title":"Follow-up of patients treated with oral doxycycline for Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"33","author":"Karkkonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70119-4","article-title":"Oral doxycycline versus intravenous ceftriaxone for European Lyme neuroborreliosis: a multicentre, non-inferiority, double-blind, randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Ljostad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200212000-00011","article-title":"Successful treatment of neuroborreliosis with ten day regimens","volume":"21","author":"Thorstrand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-005-0361-8","article-title":"A comparison of two treatment regimens of ceftriaxone in late Lyme disease","volume":"117","author":"Dattwyler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340817","article-title":"Treatment of refractory chronic Lyme arthritis with arthroscopic synovectomy","volume":"34","author":"Schoen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"suppl\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib101","first-page":"125","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Przytula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib102","first-page":"473","article-title":"Nonantibiotic treatments of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"37","author":"Puechal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01780665","article-title":"Treatment of borrelial lymphocytoma","volume":"24","author":"Strle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2165\/0128071-200809060-00002","article-title":"Skin manifestations of lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcllegger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib105","first-page":"515","article-title":"Solitary borrelial lymphocytoma in adult patients","volume":"114","author":"Maraspin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2008.00177.x","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis treatment","volume":"21","author":"Vanousov\u00e1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01627.x","article-title":"Borrelial lymphocytoma cutis successfully treated with intralesional interferon-alpha-2A","volume":"20","author":"Aydogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.01336.x","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans\u2014effect of treatment","volume":"106","author":"Kindstrand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb04984.x","article-title":"Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"131","author":"Leslie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01780666","article-title":"Success and failure in the treatment of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans","volume":"24","author":"Aberer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib111","first-page":"78","article-title":"Study on clinical picture of erythema migrans","volume":"41","author":"Flisiak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rocz Akad Med Bialymst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602321653842","article-title":"Controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with post-treatment chronic Lyme disease","volume":"2","author":"Klempner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072023","article-title":"A critical appraisal of \u201cchronic Lyme disease.\u201d","volume":"357","author":"Feder","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.011","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease: a review","volume":"22","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.3.6.621","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease and the \u2018Axis of Evil.\u2019","volume":"3","author":"Stricker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib116","first-page":"227","article-title":"Post Lyme syndrome as a clinical problem","volume":"26","author":"Moniuszko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.05.011","article-title":"Subjective symptoms after treatment of early Lyme disease","volume":"123","author":"Cerar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361103","article-title":"\u201cChronic Lyme disease\u201d as the incorrect diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1586\/14789072.2.1.S1","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme disease","volume":"2","author":"Cameron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1086\/518853","article-title":"Counterpoint: long-term antibiotic therapy improves persistent symptoms associated with lyme disease","volume":"45","author":"Stricker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1086\/518854","article-title":"Point: antibiotic therapy is not the answer for patients with persisting symptoms attributable to lyme disease","volume":"45","author":"Auwaerter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib122","unstructured":"Holden S. Ticked off. New York Times. Available at: http:\/\/movies.nytimes.com\/2009\/06\/19\/movies\/19under.html. Accessed September 25, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib123","first-page":"429","article-title":"An appraisal of \u201cchronic Lyme disease.\u201d","volume":"358","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc073063","article-title":"An appraisal of \u201cchronic Lyme disease.\u201d","volume":"358","author":"Maloney","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib125","first-page":"429","article-title":"An appraisal of \u201cchronic Lyme disease.\u201d","volume":"358","author":"Volkman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450202","article-title":"Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Klempner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000071227.23769.9E","article-title":"Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial","volume":"60","author":"Krupp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000068030.26992.25","article-title":"Cognitive function in post-treatment Lyme disease: do additional antibiotics help?","volume":"60","author":"Kaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181a5dcce","article-title":"In the Lymelight: law and clinical practice guidelines","author":"Ronn","year":"2009","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.01.017","article-title":"Insufficient evidence to deny antibiotic treatment to chronic Lyme disease patients","volume":"72","author":"Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.09.030","article-title":"Clinical trials validate the severity of persistent Lyme disease symptoms","volume":"72","author":"Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62633-5","article-title":"Reduction of Lyme disease exposure by recognition and avoidance of high-risk areas","volume":"349","author":"Schutzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-9-199805010-00032","article-title":"Avoidance of tick-borne diseases","volume":"128","author":"Schutzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021397","article-title":"How can we prevent Lyme disease?","volume":"348","author":"Hayes","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.10.005","article-title":"Insect repellents: historical perspectives and new developments","volume":"58","author":"Katz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70289-5","article-title":"Insect repellents: an overview","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib137","series-title":"Vector control: methods for use by individuals and communities","author":"Rozendaal","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-008-9182-6","article-title":"Repellent effect of sweet basil compounds on Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"45","author":"Del Fabbro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0113","article-title":"Isolongifolenone: a novel sesquiterpene repellent of ticks and mosquitoes","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200800291","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship studies on the mosquito toxicity and biting deterrency of callicarpenal derivatives","volume":"6","author":"Cantrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-008-9235-x","article-title":"Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD against three species of ixodid ticks","volume":"48","author":"Bissinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070725","article-title":"Effectiveness of personal protective measures to prevent Lyme disease","volume":"14","author":"Vazquez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0221","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding Lyme disease prevention among Connecticut residents, 1999-2004","volume":"8","author":"Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009462","article-title":"Emergence of Lyme disease in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, 1993: a case-control study of risk factors and evaluation of reporting patterns","volume":"147","author":"Orloski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 40","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2005.11.007","article-title":"Strategies for reducing the risk of Lyme borreliosis in North America","volume":"296","author":"Piesman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.4.510","article-title":"Impact of controlled burns on the abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"35","author":"Stafford","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.5.730","article-title":"Suppression of subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) following removal of leaf litter","volume":"32","author":"Schulze","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.642","article-title":"Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and the tick parasitoid Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) with reduction of white-tailed deer","volume":"40","author":"Stafford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.779","article-title":"Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) after the complete removal of deer from an isolated offshore island, endemic for Lyme disease","volume":"41","author":"Rand","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib150","article-title":"Tick bites in a Lyme borreliosis highly endemic area in Switzerland","author":"H\u00fagli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008728","article-title":"Duration of tick bites in a Lyme disease-endemic area","volume":"143","author":"Falco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib152","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases. Lyme disease: tick removal. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dvbid\/Lyme\/ld_tickremoval.htm. Accessed July 18, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.3.509","article-title":"Protection against lyme disease spirochete transmission provided by prompt removal of nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"39","author":"Piesman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.72.512","article-title":"Prevention of Lyme borreliosis infection after tick bites","volume":"72","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kansenshogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib155","first-page":"E060817.4","article-title":"Removal of ticks: a review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Pitches","year":"2006","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.4.748","article-title":"Removal of attached nymphs and adults of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"30","author":"De Boer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.6.997","article-title":"Evaluation of five popular methods for tick removal","volume":"75","author":"Needham","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0960.2004.00022.x","article-title":"Improving the removal of intact ticks","volume":"44","author":"Lanschuetzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450201","article-title":"Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite","volume":"345","author":"Nadelman","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14798-8","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"362","author":"Stanek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib161","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Leenders","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib162","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Bellovin","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0693-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: what we know, what we don\u2019t know, and what we need to know","volume":"118","author":"Hunfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib164","first-page":"185","article-title":"Development of an OspC vaccine against Lyme borreliosis","volume":"5","author":"Livey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Ljubljana)"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1086\/516167","article-title":"Specific issues in the design and implementation of an efficacy trial for a Lyme disease vaccine","volume":"25","author":"Meurice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7146.1695","article-title":"Lyme disease vaccine given guarded approval in the US","volume":"316","author":"Rutter","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371118","article-title":"Detection of Lyme disease after OspA vaccine","volume":"337","author":"Schutzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00052-8","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of a candidate Lyme disease vaccine in healthy adults: antibody persistence and effect of a booster dose at month 12","volume":"16","author":"Van Hoecke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990302","article-title":"The cost effectiveness of vaccinating against Lyme disease","volume":"5","author":"Meltzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00500-X","article-title":"Adverse event reports following vaccination for Lyme disease: December 1998-July 2000","volume":"20","author":"Lathrop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.4661","article-title":"An octavalent lyme disease vaccine induces antibodies that recognize all incorporated OspC type-specific sequences","volume":"3","author":"Earnhart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962210008716?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962210008716?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:18:52Z","timestamp":1759270732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962210008716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962210008716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lyme disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.047","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}