{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:10:59Z","timestamp":1790431859514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T10:51:09Z","timestamp":1399373469000},"page":"366-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Update on primary mucosal melanoma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Joselin D.","family":"Tacastacas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon K.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Arbesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry B.","family":"Koon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kord","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meg R.","family":"Gerstenblith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981015)83:8<1664::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society","volume":"83","author":"Chang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20866","article-title":"Incidence of noncutaneous melanomas in the U.S","volume":"103","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-010-0161-y","article-title":"Prognostic indicators in head and neck oncology including the new 7th edition of the AJCC staging system","volume":"4","author":"Brandwein-Gensler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12421","article-title":"Anorectal and genital mucosal melanoma is associated with cutaneous melanoma in patients and in families","volume":"169","author":"Cazenave","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900701781762","article-title":"Extracutaneous malignant melanomas","volume":"26","author":"Hussein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6821","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0575","article-title":"KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes","volume":"14","author":"Beadling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.2984","article-title":"Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Curtin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-1987","article-title":"Sunitinib therapy for melanoma patients with KIT mutations","volume":"18","author":"Minor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206460","article-title":"Development of melanocyte precursors from the vertebrate neural crest","volume":"22","author":"Dupin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib10","first-page":"2748","article-title":"Predictors of\u00a0survival in mucosal melanoma of the head and neck","volume":"18","author":"Jethanamest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann\u00a0Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.01.014","article-title":"Primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. Comparison of clinical presentation and histopathologic features of oral and sinonasal melanoma","volume":"44","author":"McLean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(70)80001-0","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of the skin of the head and neck. An analysis of 405 cases","volume":"120","author":"Ballantyne","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20201","article-title":"Primary\u00a0mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: a proposal for microstaging localized, Stage I (lymph node-negative) tumors","volume":"100","author":"Prasad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200305000-00004","article-title":"Sinonasal tract and nasopharyngeal melanomas: a clinicopathologic study of 115 cases with a proposed staging system","volume":"27","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24976","article-title":"Mucosal melanoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses, a contemporary experience from the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center","volume":"116","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib16","first-page":"385","article-title":"Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: radiotherapy or surgery?","volume":"39","author":"Douglas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20878","article-title":"Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck: experience of the Princess Margaret Hospital","volume":"30","author":"Bachar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.46","article-title":"Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: predictors of prognosis","volume":"137","author":"Shuman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4592","article-title":"Surgical management of primary anorectal melanoma","volume":"91","author":"Pessaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.11.921","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of 85 cases of melanoma of the female genitalia","volume":"67","author":"Tcheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01615.x","article-title":"Primary\u00a0amelanotic malignant melanoma of the female urethra","volume":"14","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib22","first-page":"42","article-title":"Amelanotic malignant melanoma of the penis. A case report and literature review","volume":"84","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896911417970","article-title":"Head and neck mucosal malignant melanoma: clinicopathologic correlation with contemporary review of prognostic indicators","volume":"20","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.10.044","article-title":"Oral\u00a0malignant melanoma: the Amsterdam experience","volume":"65","author":"Meleti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.01.025","article-title":"Oncogene abnormalities in a series of primary melanomas of the sinonasal tract: NRAS mutations and cyclin D1 amplification are more frequent than KIT or BRAF mutations","volume":"44","author":"Chraybi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e31827901dd","article-title":"Anal versus rectal melanoma: does site of origin predict outcome?","volume":"56","author":"Bello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1309\/DVWLTV8FFKC3L80H","article-title":"Anorectal malignant melanoma: morphologic and immunohistochemical features","volume":"126","author":"Chute","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2013.02.028","article-title":"Vulvar and vaginal melanoma: case series and review of current management options including neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"129","author":"Janco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19991001)86:7<1273::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females: clinical observations and histopathologic features","volume":"86","author":"Ragnarsson-Olding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200006000-00003","article-title":"Primary malignant melanoma of the urethra: a clinicopathologic analysis of 15 cases","volume":"24","author":"Oliva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200344","article-title":"Clinicopathological and molecular study of penile melanoma","volume":"65","author":"Oxley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.03.039","article-title":"Prognosis of primary mucosal penile melanoma: a series of 19 Dutch patients and 47 patients from the literature","volume":"70","author":"van Geel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.01.016","article-title":"Radiotherapy in the treatment of mucosal melanoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: analysis of 74 cases. A Rare Cancer Network study","volume":"65","author":"Krengli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000217236.06585.a9","article-title":"Primary mucosal melanoma of head and neck: prognostic value of clear margins","volume":"116","author":"Penel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-005-0798-z","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral malignant melanoma\u2014a possible means of investigating the clinically node-negative neck","volume":"28","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cmr.0000222603.57932.b6","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy: a new perspective in head and neck mucosal melanoma?","volume":"16","author":"Starek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21651","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy using real-time fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green in cutaneous head and neck\/lip mucosa melanomas","volume":"34","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1275772","article-title":"Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck","volume":"27","author":"Borst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.217","article-title":"Postoperative radiotherapy in head and neck mucosal melanoma: a GETTEC study","volume":"136","author":"Benlyazid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-010-0793-z","article-title":"Effect of misdiagnosis on the prognosis of anorectal malignant melanoma","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860802120861","article-title":"Primary ano-rectal malignant melanomas within a population-based national patient series in Sweden during 40 years","volume":"48","author":"Ragnarsson-Olding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0705-0","article-title":"Practice patterns and outcomes for anorectal melanoma in the USA, reviewing three decades of treatment: is more extensive surgical resection beneficial in all patients?","volume":"17","author":"Iddings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib43","first-page":"98","article-title":"Importance of clear resection margins in anorectal malignant melanoma","volume":"97","author":"Nilsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br\u00a0J\u00a0Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2812-6","article-title":"Locoregional lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of anorectal melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i4.534","article-title":"Anorectal malignant melanomas: retrospective experience with surgical management","volume":"17","author":"Che","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26088","article-title":"Sphincter-sparing local excision and hypofractionated radiation therapy for anorectal melanoma: a 20-year experience","volume":"117","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200109000-00004","article-title":"Vulvar melanoma at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: 25 years later","volume":"11","author":"Verschraegen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000271209.67461.91","article-title":"Vulvar melanoma: a multivariable analysis of 644 patients","volume":"110","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e32833684e8","article-title":"Population-based incidence of vulvar and vaginal melanoma in various races and ethnic groups with comparisons to other site-specific melanomas","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.04.007","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of the vulva: an extension of cutaneous melanoma?","volume":"122","author":"Moxley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940515)73:10<2626::AID-CNCR2820731026>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of the vulva treated by radical hemivulvectomy. A prospective study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group","volume":"73","author":"Phillips","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1358-8","article-title":"Sentinel node detection by lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar melanoma","volume":"37","author":"Trifiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200705000-00024","article-title":"Utility of sentinel node biopsy in vulvar and vaginal melanoma: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Dhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib54","first-page":"622","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: a\u00a0pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Camara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3181becdaf","article-title":"Sentinel node mapping in vulvovaginal melanoma using SPECT\/CT lymphoscintigraphy","volume":"34","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000104671.20863.47","article-title":"Outcome of surgical treatment for primary malignant melanoma of the female urethra","volume":"171","author":"DiMarco","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000159207.91737.53","article-title":"Melanoma of the penis, scrotum and male urethra: a 40-year single institution experience","volume":"173","author":"Sanchez-Ortiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)41490-X","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of the penis","volume":"140","author":"Stillwell","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/320415a0","article-title":"A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family","volume":"320","author":"Besmer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.04.032","article-title":"Targeting KIT in melanoma: a paradigm of molecular medicine and targeted therapeutics","volume":"80","author":"Woodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02655.x","article-title":"Human proto-oncogene c-kit: a new cell surface\u00a0receptor tyrosine kinase for an unidentified ligand","volume":"6","author":"Yarden","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.746","article-title":"KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma","volume":"305","author":"Carvajal","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.7836","article-title":"Imatinib for melanomas harboring mutationally activated or amplified KIT arising on mucosal, acral, and chronically sun-damaged skin","volume":"31","author":"Hodi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000350683","article-title":"Unexpected distribution of cKIT and BRAF mutations among southern Italian patients with Sinonasal melanoma","volume":"226","author":"Colombino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23079","article-title":"Sinonasal mucosal melanoma: molecular profile and therapeutic implications from a series of 32 cases","volume":"35","author":"Turri-Zanoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.373","article-title":"KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutations in sinonasal mucosal melanoma: a study of 56 cases","volume":"109","author":"Zebary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2917","article-title":"KIT pathway alterations in mucosal melanomas of the vulva and other sites","volume":"17","author":"Omholt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-007-0524-2","article-title":"C-kit protein expression correlated with\u00a0activating mutations in KIT gene in oral mucosal melanoma","volume":"452","author":"Rivera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2011.08.005","article-title":"c-kit gene mutation and CD117 expression in human anorectal melanomas","volume":"43","author":"Ni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22681","article-title":"L576P KIT mutation in anal melanomas correlates with KIT protein expression and is sensitive to specific kinase inhibition","volume":"121","author":"Antonescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2011.11064","article-title":"KIT gene mutations and patterns of protein expression in mucosal and acral melanoma","volume":"16","author":"Abu-Abed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e32834bf398","article-title":"KIT mutations in Russian patients with mucosal melanoma","volume":"21","author":"Abysheva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605635","article-title":"Clinical responses observed with imatinib or sorafenib in melanoma patients expressing mutations in KIT","volume":"102","author":"Handolias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2009.116","article-title":"Correlation between KIT expression and KIT mutation in melanoma: a study of 173 cases with emphasis on the acral-lentiginous\/mucosal type","volume":"22","author":"Torres-Cabala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604791","article-title":"Analysis of c-KIT expression and KIT gene mutation in human mucosal melanomas","volume":"99","author":"Satzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-011-9763-9","article-title":"Nilotinib in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring KIT gene aberration","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2346","article-title":"Large-scale analysis of KIT aberrations in Chinese patients with melanoma","volume":"17","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24048","article-title":"Pathological activation of KIT in metastatic tumors of acral and mucosal melanomas","volume":"124","author":"Ashida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-009-0762-6","article-title":"Esophageal melanomas harbor frequent NRAS mutations unlike melanomas of other mucosal sites","volume":"454","author":"Sekine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050092","article-title":"Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma","volume":"353","author":"Curtin","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib81","first-page":"783","article-title":"NRAS and BRAF mutation frequency in primary oral mucosal melanoma","volume":"26","author":"Buery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.022509","article-title":"BRAF and NRAS mutations are uncommon in melanomas arising in diverse internal organs","volume":"58","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0562","article-title":"Exon 15 BRAF mutations are uncommon in melanomas arising in nonsun-exposed sites","volume":"10","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2003.016667","article-title":"Absence of BRAF mutations in UV-protected mucosal melanomas","volume":"41","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg123","article-title":"Determinants of BRAF mutations in primary melanomas","volume":"95","author":"Maldonado","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2012.10.002","article-title":"Frequency and spectrum of BRAF mutations in a retrospective, single-institution study of 1112 cases of melanoma","volume":"15","author":"Greaves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e3283457743","article-title":"Dacarbazine-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment in\u00a0noncutaneous metastatic melanoma: multicenter, retrospective analysis in Asia","volume":"21","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e32835efd8d","article-title":"Effect of paclitaxel\/carboplatin salvage chemotherapy in\u00a0noncutaneous versus cutaneous metastatic melanoma","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0464","article-title":"Ipilimumab for patients with advanced mucosal melanoma","volume":"18","author":"Postow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.09.007","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab 3mg\/kg in patients with pretreated, metastatic, mucosal melanoma","volume":"50","author":"Del Vecchio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20910","article-title":"Biochemotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck mucosal melanoma","volume":"30","author":"Bartell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20113","article-title":"Biochemotherapy in patients with metastatic anorectal mucosal melanoma","volume":"100","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/00008390-200412000-00012","article-title":"Biochemotherapy in patients with advanced vulvovaginal mucosal melanoma","volume":"14","author":"Harting","year":"2004","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103782","article-title":"Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation","volume":"364","author":"Chapman","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60868-X","article-title":"Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Hauschild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203421","article-title":"Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma","volume":"367","author":"Flaherty","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1210093","article-title":"Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations","volume":"367","author":"Flaherty","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib98","unstructured":"clinicaltrials.gov web site. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Available at: http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed March 10, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000265558","article-title":"Anal mucosal melanoma with KIT-activating mutation and response to imatinib therapy\u2014case report and review of the literature","volume":"220","author":"Satzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2008.00475.x","article-title":"Dose-dependent, complete response to imatinib of a metastatic mucosal melanoma with a K642E KIT mutation","volume":"21","author":"Lutzky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.0707","article-title":"Major response to imatinib mesylate in KIT-mutated melanoma","volume":"26","author":"Hodi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"15 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20017","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20017","article-title":"Response to\u00a0sunitinib in Chinese KIT-mutated metastatic mucosal melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-09-0459","article-title":"Activity of dasatinib against L576P KIT mutant melanoma: molecular, cellular, and clinical correlates","volume":"8","author":"Woodman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.33.9275","article-title":"Phase II, open-label, single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21834","article-title":"Multicenter phase II trial of high-dose imatinib mesylate in metastatic melanoma: significant toxicity with no clinical efficacy","volume":"106","author":"Wyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962214012651?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962214012651?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:31:59Z","timestamp":1759271519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962214012651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962214012651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Update on primary mucosal melanoma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}