{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:25:40Z","timestamp":1786991140249,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T16:00:54Z","timestamp":1447257654000},"page":"929-944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Lupi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Downing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Klaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar P.","family":"Sangueza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Ladizinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Woc-Colburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen K.","family":"Tyring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002496","article-title":"Ten global \u201chotspots\u201d for the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002760","article-title":"The Gulf Coast: a new American underbelly of tropical diseases and poverty","volume":"8","author":"Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0727","article-title":"Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: needs and opportunities","volume":"90","author":"Parise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6112","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e6112","article-title":"Fighting neglected tropical diseases in the southern United States","volume":"345","author":"Hotez","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.85","article-title":"Neglected infections of poverty in Texas and the rest of the United States: management and treatment options","volume":"92","author":"Barry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001497","article-title":"Texas and Mexico: sharing a legacy of poverty and neglected tropical diseases","volume":"6","author":"Hotez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000843","article-title":"America's most distressed areas and their neglected infections: the United States Gulf Coast and the District of Columbia","volume":"5","author":"Hotez","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Parasites\u2014Zoonotic hookworm. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/zoonotichookworm\/biology.html. Accessed May 25, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.6.1062","article-title":"Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients","volume":"19","author":"Jelinek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70098-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans","volume":"8","author":"Heukelbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030371","article-title":"River blindness: a success story under threat?","volume":"3","author":"Basanez","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02279.x","article-title":"Cutaneous onchocercoma","volume":"4","author":"Okulicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb11844.x","article-title":"A clinical classification and grading system of the cutaneous changes in onchocerciasis","volume":"129","author":"Murdoch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.11.008","article-title":"Onchocerciasis\u2014river blindness","volume":"24","author":"Enk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0475","article-title":"Emergence of Onchocerca volvulus from skin mimicking Dracunculiasis medinensis","volume":"83","author":"Eberhard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.1.33","article-title":"Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature","volume":"16","author":"Rusnak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-09","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease","volume":"22","author":"Herman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib18","series-title":"Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections","first-page":"651","article-title":"Chapter 34","author":"Yoshimura","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib19","series-title":"Diagnostic pathology of parasitic infections with clinical correlations","author":"Guitierrez","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00090-1","article-title":"New and re-emerging cutaneous infectious diseases in Latin America and other geographic areas","volume":"21","author":"Bravo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31821cf4a6","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis in a patient who frequently consumes sushi","volume":"33","author":"Jarell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2009.01271.x","article-title":"Filariasis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Mendoza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib23","first-page":"89","article-title":"Meeting of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication","volume":"84","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1999.11813433","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of oral penicillin, diethylcarbamazine or local treatment of the affected limb in preventing acute adenolymphangitis in lymphoedema caused by brugian filariasis","volume":"93","author":"Shenoy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib25","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Filariasis. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/lymphaticfilariasis\/. Accessed May 14, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90241-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the ICT whole-blood antigen card test to detect infection due to Wuchereria bancrofti in Sri Lanka","volume":"96","author":"Chandrasena","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01133.x","article-title":"Filariasis and lymphoedema","volume":"31","author":"Pfarr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib28","unstructured":"World Health Organization website. Podoconiosis: endemic nonfilarial elephantiasis. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/diseases\/podoconiosis\/en\/. Accessed May 6, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108448","article-title":"HLA class II locus and susceptibility to podoconiosis","volume":"366","author":"Tekola Ayele","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000902","article-title":"Effectiveness of a simple lymphedema treatment regimen in podoconiosis management in southern Ethiopia: one year follow-up","volume":"4","author":"Sikorski","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib31","series-title":"Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens, and practice","article-title":"Loiasis and mansonella infections","author":"Klion","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001299","article-title":"Rapid molecular assays for specific detection and quantitation of Loa loa microfilaremia","volume":"5","author":"Fink","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib33","unstructured":"The Carter Center website. Guinea worm eradication program. Available at: http:\/\/www.cartercenter.org\/health\/guinea_worm\/index.html. Accessed April 30, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib34","first-page":"147","article-title":"Secondary infections in dracunculiasis: bacteria and morbidity","volume":"12","author":"Adeyeba","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Zoonoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib35","series-title":"Tropical dermatology","first-page":"71","article-title":"Other helminths: dracunculiosis","author":"Assimwe","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Parasites\u2014strongyloides. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/strongyloides\/index.html. Accessed April 2, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib37","first-page":"418","article-title":"Fatal cutaneous Strongyloidiasis as a side effect of pemphigus foliaceus treatment with mycophenolate mofetil","volume":"10","author":"Vitiello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib38","first-page":"199","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in an HIV-seropositive patient","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04082.x","article-title":"Disseminated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised patients\u2014report of three cases","volume":"48","author":"Galimberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03925.x","article-title":"Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting with petechiae and purpura","volume":"31","author":"Purvis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670120042008","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis","volume":"124","author":"von Kuster","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90156-5","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"75","author":"Carroll","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(21)00914-3","article-title":"The roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides","volume":"18","author":"Tietze","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib44","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Parasites\u2014ascariasis. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/ascariasis\/index.html. Accessed April 2, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib45","series-title":"Conn's current therapy","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of the skin","author":"Katsambas","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00607-9","article-title":"Occurrence and diagnosis of Mansonella streptocerca in Uganda","volume":"63","author":"Fischer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb05054.x","article-title":"Human dirofilariasis","volume":"35","author":"Jelinek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib48","first-page":"125","article-title":"Human dirofilariasis: raccoon heartworm causing a leg nodule","volume":"80","author":"Warthan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1003006","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine: subconjunctival Dirofilaria repens","volume":"363","author":"Khoramnia","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.401","article-title":"Human subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens in Ibiza, Spain","volume":"51","author":"Fuentes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00026-08","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis","volume":"22","author":"Gottstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30599-0","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of intestinal helminthic infections","volume":"7","author":"Chaudhry","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib53","series-title":"Dermatology","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Protozoa and worms. Chapter 83","author":"Nelson","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.069","article-title":"The comparison of different ELISA procedures in detecting anti-Trichinella IgG in human infections","volume":"159","author":"Moskwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"part 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006766","article-title":"Evidence for macrofilaricidal activity of ivermectin against female Onchocerca volvulus: further analysis of a clinical trial in the Republic of Cameroon indicating two distinct killing mechanisms","volume":"130","author":"Duke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-007-0062-1","article-title":"Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has\u00a0macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"197","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90248-B","article-title":"Albendazole for the treatment of human gnathostomiasis","volume":"86","author":"Kraivichian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib58","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Parasites\u2014lymphatic filariasis. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/lymphaticfilariasis\/treatment.html. Accessed May 25, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1086\/315014","article-title":"Long-term suppression of Mansonella streptocerca microfilariae after treatment with ivermectin","volume":"180","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962214023159?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962214023159?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:37:23Z","timestamp":1759271843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962214023159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962214023159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0190-9622(15)02336-1","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}