{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:05:56Z","timestamp":1792620356542,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,12]],"date-time":"2016-03-12T04:31:07Z","timestamp":1457757067000},"page":"589-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":451,"title":["Wound healing and treating wounds"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Laurel M.","family":"Morton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania J.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib1","series-title":"Dermatology","first-page":"2147","article-title":"Wound iealing","volume":"Vol 2","author":"Kirsner","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(86)80019-1","article-title":"Fibrinogen and fibrin: biochemistry and pathophysiology","volume":"6","author":"Budzynski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12036","article-title":"Neutrophil activity in chronic venous leg ulcers\u2014a target for therapy?","volume":"21","author":"McDaniel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.01.001","article-title":"Macrophages in skin injury and repair","volume":"216","author":"Mahdavian Delavary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.101282","article-title":"Cellular events and biomarkers of wound healing","volume":"45","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1008-1275(08)60045-0","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of stem cells in skin\u00a0repair and regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2009.18.12.45609","article-title":"A review of the current research on the role of bFGF and VEGF in angiogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Przybylski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1999.2171","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in\u00a0vitro","volume":"58","author":"Grosskreutz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2013.22.8.407","article-title":"Wound healing and the role of fibroblasts","volume":"22","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200506000-00011","article-title":"Normal cutaneous wound healing: clinical correlation with cellular and molecular events","volume":"31","author":"Baum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1996.40404.x","article-title":"Interactions of cytokines, growth factors, and proteases in acute and chronic wounds","volume":"4","author":"Mast","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70306-M","article-title":"Human wound fluid from acute wounds stimulates fibroblast and endothelial cell growth","volume":"25","author":"Katz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2000.00013.x","article-title":"Mitogenic activity and cytokine levels in non-healing and healing chronic leg ulcers","volume":"8","author":"Trengove","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(99)70113-8","article-title":"The proliferative capacity of neonatal skin fibroblasts is reduced after exposure to venous ulcer wound fluid: a potential mechanism for senescence in venous ulcers","volume":"30","author":"Mendez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1993.10308.x","article-title":"Inhibition of cell proliferation by chronic wound fluid","volume":"1","author":"Bucalo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00058.x","article-title":"Cytokine and protease levels in healing and non-healing chronic venous leg ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Harris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01501.x","article-title":"Effect of healing on the expression of transforming growth factor beta(s) and their receptors in chronic venous leg ulcers","volume":"117","author":"Cowin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.2002.10903.x","article-title":"Ratios of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in wound fluids are inversely correlated with healing of pressure ulcers","volume":"10","author":"Ladwig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12365637","article-title":"Wound fluids from human pressure ulcers contain elevated matrix metalloproteinase levels and activity compared to surgical wound fluids","volume":"107","author":"Yager","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.08.007","article-title":"The impact of differential expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and PDGF-AA on the chronicity of venous leg ulcers","volume":"31","author":"Mwaura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.08.021","article-title":"Metalloproteinase expression is associated with traumatic wound failure","volume":"159","author":"Utz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2009.00547.x","article-title":"Proteolytic activity in wound fluids and tissues derived from chronic venous leg ulcers","volume":"17","author":"Moor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2010.00668.x","article-title":"Biofilms and bacterial imbalances in chronic wounds: anti-Koch","volume":"7","author":"Percival","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00321.x","article-title":"Biofilms in chronic wounds","volume":"16","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.05.068","article-title":"Venous ulcer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of recurrences","volume":"52","author":"Gillespie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib26","first-page":"c6045","article-title":"Management of venous ulcer disease","volume":"341","author":"van Gent","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.09.004","article-title":"Venous ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Etufugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2011.11.007","article-title":"Wound healing update","volume":"31","author":"Morton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2004.12.002","article-title":"Duplex evaluation of venous insufficiency","volume":"18","author":"Labropoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)00424-5","article-title":"Definition of venous\u00a0reflux in lower-extremity veins","volume":"38","author":"Labropoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0802444","article-title":"Clinical practice. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins","volume":"360","author":"Raju","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueda T, Tanabe K, Morita M, Nakahara C, Katsuoka K. Leg\u00a0ulcer due to multiple arteriovenous malformations in\u00a0the lower extremity of an elderly patient. Int Wound J. doi: 10.1111\/iwj.12273. Published online April 10, 2014.","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12273"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02784.x","article-title":"Foot ulcer due to arteriovenous malformation: report of a case","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19629.x","article-title":"Surrogate endpoints for the treatment of venous leg ulcers","volume":"119","author":"Gelfand","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1067-1927.2004.012207.x","article-title":"The accuracy of venous leg ulcer prognostic models in a wound care system","volume":"12","author":"Margolis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib36","first-page":"CD001836","article-title":"Dressings and topical agents for arterial leg ulcers","volume":"1","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05222.x","article-title":"Causes, investigation and treatment of leg ulceration","volume":"148","author":"Mekkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6 pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70295-D","article-title":"Leg ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/157340308784245810","article-title":"Critical review of the ankle brachial index","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(11)60010-5","article-title":"Chapter II: diagnostic methods","volume":"42","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib41","first-page":"755","article-title":"The diabetic foot: a review","volume":"54","author":"Ricco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.2.217","article-title":"Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes","volume":"293","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib43","first-page":"507","article-title":"Molecular factors involved in the development of diabetic foot syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Bruhn-Olszewska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biochimica Pol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(11)60012-9","article-title":"Chapter V: diabetic foot","volume":"42","author":"Lepantalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovas Surg"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.834","article-title":"The foot in perspective","volume":"24","author":"Apelqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0491-1","article-title":"High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. Baseline results from the Eurodiale study","volume":"50","author":"Prompers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1226-2","article-title":"Complexity of factors related to outcome of neuropathic and neuroischaemic\/ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers: a cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Gershater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.862","article-title":"Neurovascular control and neurogenic inflammation in diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Schaper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus","volume":"141","author":"Selvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.06.055","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention","volume":"70","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib51","first-page":"390","article-title":"Economic evaluation of pressure ulcer care: a cost minimization analysis of preventive strategies","volume":"27","author":"Schuurman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000174825","article-title":"Prevalence of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients in Germany in 2005: data from the Federal Statistical Office","volume":"55","author":"Kroger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2008.00373.x","article-title":"Prevalence of pressure ulcers on hospital admission among nursing home residents transferred to the hospital","volume":"16","author":"Keelaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70113-6","article-title":"Pressure ulcers","volume":"38","author":"Kanj","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib55","unstructured":"National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel website. NPUAP pressure ulcer stages\/categories. Available at: http:\/\/www.npuap.org\/resources\/educational-and-clinical-resources\/npuap-pressure-ulcer-stagescategories\/. Accessed May 12, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib56","first-page":"25","article-title":"Risk factors associated with having a pressure ulcer: a secondary data analysis","volume":"7","author":"Maklebust","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200101000-00005","article-title":"\u201cEssential\u201d cutaneous vasculitis: what every rheumatologist should know about vasculitis of the skin","volume":"13","author":"Stone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60242-0","article-title":"The cryoglobulinaemias","volume":"379","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2003.10.001","article-title":"Mixed cryoglobulinemia: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 231 patients","volume":"33","author":"Ferri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/03009740903313639","article-title":"Mortality rate\u00a0and\u00a0outcome factors in mixed cryoglobulinaemia: the impact of hepatitis C virus","volume":"39","author":"Della Rossa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20643","article-title":"Natural history and therapy of 66 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia","volume":"81","author":"Bryce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"1 suppl 40","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib62","first-page":"S60","article-title":"Skin manifestations in vasculitis and erythema nodosum","volume":"24","author":"Atzeni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.212","article-title":"Cutaneous vasculitis","volume":"48","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70224-1","article-title":". Cutaneous Wegener's granulomatosis: clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic features of thirty patients","volume":"31","author":"Daoud","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08725.x","article-title":"Comparison of cutaneous manifestations in systemic polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis","volume":"159","author":"Kluger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.6601645.x","article-title":"Cutaneous periarteritis nodosa: a clinicopathological study of 79 cases","volume":"136","author":"Daoud","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.01.043","article-title":"The skin and hypercoagulable states","volume":"69","author":"Thornsberry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137134.x","article-title":"Intractable leg ulceration caused by cutaneous cholesterol embolism","volume":"157","author":"Davies","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib69","first-page":"387","article-title":"Leg ulceration and the cholesterol embolus","volume":"28","author":"Becker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1986.01660220112024","article-title":"The cutaneous manifestations of cholesterol crystal embolization","volume":"122","author":"Falanga","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978703801007","article-title":"Cholesterol crystal embolization: a review of 221 cases in the English literature","volume":"38","author":"Fine","year":"1987","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00766.x","article-title":"Cholesterol crystal embolization: skin manifestation, gastrointestinal and central nervous symptom treated with corticosteroid","volume":"32","author":"Motegi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-013-0782-z","article-title":"Calciphylaxis: diagnosis and clinical features","volume":"17","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32830f4566","article-title":"Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy: an update","volume":"17","author":"Rogers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60235-X","article-title":"Calciphylaxis","volume":"383","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00375.x","article-title":"Calciphylaxis is usually non-ulcerating: risk factors, outcome and therapy","volume":"61","author":"Fine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199609000-00017","article-title":"Coumadin necrosis of the skin: report of four patients","volume":"37","author":"Miura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2014.26.1.96","article-title":"Warfarin-induced skin necrosis","volume":"26","author":"Kakagia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.12.039","article-title":"Warfarin-induced skin necrosis","volume":"61","author":"Nazarian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib80","first-page":"407","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy - current aspects of diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous infarction","volume":"11","author":"Kerk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000296","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy - a thrombotic disease","volume":"42","author":"Kerk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.019","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy: an in-depth analysis using a modified Delphi approach","volume":"69","author":"Alavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.1.75","article-title":"Warfarin therapy for livedoid vasculopathy associated with cryofibrinogenemia and hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"142","author":"Browning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03646.x","article-title":"Frequency of thrombophilia determinant factors in patients with livedoid vasculopathy and treatment with anticoagulant drugs\u2014a prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Di Giacomo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.11.1466","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity (4G\/4G) treated successfully with tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"142","author":"Deng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.07.021","article-title":"Association between peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction and livedoid vasculopathy","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600210008002","article-title":"Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. A clinical and pathological investigation of 171 cases","volume":"93","author":"Muller","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2012.1839","article-title":"Update on clinical and laboratory features in necrobiosis lipoidica: a retrospective multicentre study of 52 patients","volume":"22","author":"Erfurt-Berge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12159","article-title":"Ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica as a rare cause for chronic leg ulcers: case report series of ten patients","volume":"12","author":"Franklin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.05.034","article-title":"Update\u00a0on necrobiosis lipoidica: a review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options","volume":"69","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.10.036","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: part II","volume":"68","author":"Thrash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2165\/11595240-000000000-00000","article-title":"Etiology and management of pyoderma gangrenosum: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Ahronowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.05.030","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum: a review and update on new therapies","volume":"62","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04207.x","article-title":"Burn scar carcinoma. Diagnosis and management","volume":"24","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734603260250","article-title":"Leg ulcers of unusual causes","volume":"2","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Lower Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1989.01410010125024","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma arising in previously burned or irradiated skin","volume":"124","author":"Edwards","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.01094.x","article-title":"Basal and squamous cell carcinoma associated with chronic venous leg ulcer","volume":"40","author":"Granel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2009.07.015","article-title":"Malignant transformation of\u00a0a chronic venous stasis ulcer to basal cell carcinoma in\u00a0a\u00a0diabetic patient: case study and review of the pathophysiology","volume":"49","author":"Schnirring-Judge","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02879.x","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma complicating chronic venous leg ulceration: a study of the histopathology, course and survival in 25 patients","volume":"140","author":"Baldursson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734613512505","article-title":"The importance of wound biopsy in the accurate diagnosis of acral malignant melanoma presenting as a foot ulcer","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Lower Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2013.22.2.74","article-title":"Melanoma arising in chronic ulceration associated with lymphoedema","volume":"22","author":"Turk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2012.10.003","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma arising in a burn scar mimicking Marjolin's ulcer","volume":"39","author":"Monteiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160609200618","article-title":"Unusual ulcerated Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: report of a case","volume":"92","author":"Lucandri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.12.011","article-title":"Recognizing large-cell transformation of mycosis fungoides","volume":"67","author":"Herrmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X07080566","article-title":"Images in vascular medicine. Unusual\u00a0etiology of painful leg ulcers","volume":"12","author":"Kolluri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-010-0091-7","article-title":"Primary cutaneous CD 30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma","volume":"72","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib107","first-page":"6","article-title":"Las ulceras supramaleolares por arteriolitis de las grandes hipertensas","volume":"1","author":"Martorell","year":"1945","journal-title":"Actas del Instituto Policlinico de Barcelona"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(66)90247-5","article-title":"Hypertensive ischemic ulcer. A review of 40 cases","volume":"17","author":"Schnier","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001154","article-title":"Martorell's hypertensive leg ulcer: case report and concise review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Graves","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000423442.08531.fb","article-title":"Martorell hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer: an underdiagnosed Entity\u00a9","volume":"25","author":"Alavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962215021787?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962215021787?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:38:34Z","timestamp":1759271914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962215021787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962215021787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Wound healing and treating wounds","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}