{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T09:47:46Z","timestamp":1791625666976,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T09:45:31Z","timestamp":1505382331000},"page":"591-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A comprehensive overview"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Narumol","family":"Silpa-archa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indermeet","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suteeraporn","family":"Chaowattanapanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry W.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iltefat","family":"Hamzavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2165\/11536930-000000000-00000","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: etiologic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"12","author":"Callender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200405030-00004","article-title":"Optimal management of recalcitrant disorders of hyperpigmentation in dark-skinned patients","volume":"5","author":"Stratigos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib3","first-page":"20","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02267.x","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a common but troubling condition","volume":"43","author":"Lacz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.274","article-title":"Ethnic skin disorders overview","volume":"48","author":"Halder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib6","series-title":"Aesthetics and Cosmetic Surgery for Darker Skin Types","first-page":"15","article-title":"Structural and physiologic differences in the skin of darker racial ethnic groups","author":"Grimes","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib7","unstructured":"Ortman JM, Guarneri CE. United States population projections: 2000 to 2050. Available at: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/projections\/files\/analytical-document09.pdf. Accessed May 19, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.01.031","article-title":"A survey of skin disease and skin-related issues in Arab Americans","volume":"56","author":"El-Essawi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00087-1","article-title":"Cutaneous diseases in Latinos","volume":"21","author":"Sanchez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb02717.x","article-title":"Pattern of skin diseases at the National Skin Centre (Singapore) from 1989-1990","volume":"31","author":"Chua-Ty","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib11","first-page":"387","article-title":"Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey","volume":"80","author":"Alexis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20512","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation after fractional resurfacing in Asians","volume":"39","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.08.051","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a carbon-dioxide ablative fractional resurfacing device for treatment of atrophic acne scars in Asians","volume":"63","author":"Manuskiatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20659","article-title":"Successful treatment of acneiform scarring with CO2 ablative fractional resurfacing","volume":"40","author":"Chapas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21079","article-title":"The adverse events of deep fractional CO(2): a retrospective study of 490 treatments in 374 patients","volume":"43","author":"Shamsaldeen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1085-5629(97)80034-X","article-title":"Postinflammatory hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation","volume":"16","author":"Ruiz-Maldonado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1965.160","article-title":"The behavior of melanocytes in inflammation","volume":"45","author":"Papa","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30665-X","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation","volume":"6","author":"Nordlund","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00562.x","article-title":"Melanocyte-stimulating properties of arachidonic acid metabolites: possible role in postinflammatory pigmentation","volume":"5","author":"Tomita","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.156.303","article-title":"Leukotrienes and thromboxane B2 stimulate normal human melanocytes in\u00a0vitro: possible inducers of postinflammatory pigmentation","volume":"156","author":"Tomita","year":"1988","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2009.08077","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"suppl 41","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb16987.x","article-title":"Retinoic acid and pigment cells: a review of in-vitro and in-vivo studies","volume":"127","author":"Ortonne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2012.684419","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to external insult: an overview of the quantitative analysis of pigmentation","volume":"32","author":"Lamel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70150-9","article-title":"Disorders of hyperpigmentation","volume":"18","author":"Pandya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200001050-00003","article-title":"Fixed drug eruptions. Incidence, recognition, and avoidance","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00006","article-title":"Drug-induced skin pigmentation. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Dereure","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib27","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Case reports: minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation resolves during oral isotretinoin therapy","volume":"6","author":"Soung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00002","article-title":"Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options","volume":"2","author":"Levin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01367.x","article-title":"A study of 124 Indian patients with lichen planus pigmentosus","volume":"28","author":"Kanwar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb01653.x","article-title":"Vitamin A in the treatment of lichen planus pigmentosus","volume":"100","author":"Bhutani","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.164452","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to topical tacrolimus","volume":"60","author":"Mahajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01984.x","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to dapsone therapy","volume":"43","author":"Bahadir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2005.09.018","article-title":"Treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation","volume":"25","author":"Gendler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.155078","article-title":"Efficacy of 15% trichloroacetic acid and 50% glycolic acid peel in the treatment of frictional melanosis: a comparative study","volume":"8","author":"Sacchidanand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000238","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 532-nm and 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser treatment of frictional dermal melanosis over bony prominences (Lifa disease)","volume":"41","author":"Al-Dhalimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.12.046","article-title":"Melasma: a comprehensive update: part I","volume":"65","author":"Sheth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903401496","article-title":"Acne in skin of color: practical approaches to treatment","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1396-0296.2004.04019.x","article-title":"Acne in ethnic skin: special considerations for therapy","volume":"17","author":"Callender","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13263","article-title":"Frequency and characteristics of acne-related post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation","volume":"43","author":"Abad-Casintahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2005.01203.x","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans in children: a report of 14 cases","volume":"19","author":"Torrelo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.84046","article-title":"Facial melanoses: Indian perspective","volume":"77","author":"Khanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12536","article-title":"Facial hyperpigmentation: causes and treatment","volume":"169","author":"Vashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.06.023","article-title":"Hyperpigmented mycosis fungoides: an unusual variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with a frequent CD8+ phenotype","volume":"67","author":"Pavlovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib44","series-title":"Lever's Histopathology of the Skin","first-page":"839","article-title":"Pigmentary disorders of the skin","author":"Fedeles","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib45","first-page":"270","article-title":"The Taylor Hyperpigmentation Scale: a new visual assessment tool for the evaluation of skin color and pigmentation","volume":"76","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.09.017","article-title":"Reliability assessment and validation of the postacne hyperpigmentation index (PAHPI), a new instrument to measure postinflammatory hyperpigmentation from acne vulgaris","volume":"70","author":"Savory","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12667","article-title":"Evaluating acne-related post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is a challenge even amongst experts","volume":"41","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680060074007","article-title":"Polarized light examination and photography of the skin","volume":"127","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/14764170510037752","article-title":"Utilizing fractional resurfacing in the treatment of therapy-resistant melasma","volume":"7","author":"Tannous","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cosmet Laser Ther"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0926-9959.2001.00007.x","article-title":"New photographic techniques for clinical evaluation of acne","volume":"15","author":"Rizova","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000248520","article-title":"Measurement of erythema and tanning responses in human skin using a tri-stimulus colorimeter","volume":"177","author":"Seitz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib52","first-page":"310","article-title":"Quantification of UV-induced erythema with a portable computer controlled chromameter","volume":"3","author":"Westerhof","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photodermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib53","series-title":"Precise color communication: color control from perception to instrumentation","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S39246","article-title":"Topical niacinamide 4% and desonide 0.05% for treatment of axillary hyperpigmentation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Castanedo-Cazares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12854","article-title":"Low-fluence Q-switched Nd: YAG 1064-nm laser and intense pulsed light for the treatment of melasma","volume":"29","author":"Vachiramon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2009.21.2.136","article-title":"Comparative study of the gross interpretation of phototesting and objective measurement with using a spectrophotometer for patients with psoriasis and vitiligo treated with narrow-band UVB","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2012.00663.x","article-title":"Quantitative skin color measurements in acanthosis nigricans patients: colorimetry and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Pattamadilok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib58","first-page":"6078","article-title":"Multimode spectroscopy for the in\u00a0vivo assessment of post-inflammatory pigmentation: preliminary observations","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08642.x","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo measurement of skin erythema and pigmentation: new means of implementation of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a commercial instrument","volume":"159","author":"Stamatas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14184","article-title":"An in\u00a0vivo model for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: an analysis of histological, spectroscopic, colorimetric and clinical traits","volume":"174","author":"Isedeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib61","first-page":"275","article-title":"A feasibility study of multispectral image analysis of skin tumors","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomed Instr Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/5\/312","article-title":"Multispectral imaging approach in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: potentiality and limits","volume":"45","author":"Farina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401991","article-title":"Macroscopic spectral imaging and gene expression analysis of the early stages of melanoma","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2010","article-title":"Delineating margins of lentigo maligna using a hyperspectral imaging system","volume":"95","author":"Neittaanmaki-Perttu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1021\/ac011275f","article-title":"Visible reflectance hyperspectral imaging: characterization of a noninvasive, in\u00a0vivo system for determining tissue perfusion","volume":"74","author":"Zuzak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00690.x","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin II: advances in instrumentation and comparison with histology","volume":"113","author":"Rajadhyaksha","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.429","article-title":"Introduction to confocal microscopy","volume":"132","author":"Nwaneshiudu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.172","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo confocal microscopy for diagnosis of melanoma and basal cell carcinoma using a two-step method: analysis of 710 consecutive clinically equivocal cases","volume":"132","author":"Guitera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.9.1127","article-title":"Use\u00a0of in\u00a0vivo confocal microscopy in malignant melanoma: an aid in diagnosis and assessment of surgical and nonsurgical therapeutic approaches","volume":"140","author":"Curiel-Lewandrowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22594","article-title":"Real-time in\u00a0vivo confocal laser\u00a0scanning microscopy of melanin-containing cells: a promising diagnostic intervention","volume":"78","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1024","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo analysis of solar lentigines by reflectance confocal microscopy before and after Q-switched ruby laser treatment","volume":"91","author":"Richtig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.11.1401","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of a series of congenital melanocytic nevi suggestive of having developed malignant melanoma","volume":"141","author":"Marghoob","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12470","article-title":"Preliminary comparison of fractional laser with fractional laser plus radiofrequency for the treatment of acne scars and photoaging","volume":"40","author":"Cameli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962217301287?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962217301287?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:43:49Z","timestamp":1759272229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962217301287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962217301287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A comprehensive overview","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0190-9622(17)32275-2","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}