{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:44:49Z","timestamp":1793119489294,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T03:56:17Z","timestamp":1588823777000},"page":"709-717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Field cancerization: Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Tyler J.","family":"Willenbrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysalyne D.","family":"Schmults","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah T.","family":"Arron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anokhi","family":"Jambusaria-Pahlajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin","volume":"6","author":"Slaughter","year":"1953","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib2","first-page":"1727","article-title":"A genetic explanation of Slaughter's concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications","volume":"63","author":"Braakhuis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.08.036","article-title":"Prevalence and costs of skin cancer treatment in the U.S., 2002-2006 and 2007-2011","volume":"48","author":"Guy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.10.007","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"78","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.1702","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas: a 10-year single-institution cohort study","volume":"151","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000366525","article-title":"Epidemiology of actinic keratoses","volume":"46","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib7","first-page":"22368","article-title":"Top dermatologic diagnoses by age","volume":"20","author":"Landis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib8","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Frequency and cost of actinic keratosis treatment","volume":"32","author":"Warino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3086","article-title":"Use and cost of actinic keratosis destruction in the Medicare Part B fee-for-service population, 2007 to 2015","volume":"154","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.534","article-title":"Non-melanoma skin cancer and solar keratoses. I. Methods and descriptive results of the South Wales Skin Cancer Study","volume":"74","author":"Harvey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06644.x","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of solar keratoses: the case for conservative management","volume":"115","author":"Marks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.1187","article-title":"Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas) in the U.S. population, 2012","volume":"151","author":"Rogers","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12420","article-title":"The natural history of actinic keratosis: a systematic review","volume":"169","author":"Werner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24284","article-title":"Actinic keratoses: natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial","volume":"115","author":"Criscione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700776","article-title":"Keratotic skin lesions and other risk factors are associated with skin cancer in organ-transplant recipients: a case-control study in The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy","volume":"127","author":"Bouwes Bavinck","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03541.x","article-title":"Prevalence of solar damage and actinic keratosis in a Merseyside population","volume":"142","author":"Memon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2009.0706","article-title":"Predisposing factors of actinic keratosis in a North-West German population","volume":"19","author":"Hensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11085.x","article-title":"Risk factors for actinic keratosis in eight European centres: a case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Traianou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12102","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of actinic keratoses in Germany\u2013analysis of multisource data","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16465","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016465","article-title":"Prevalence of actinic keratosis in patients attending the dermatology outpatient clinic","volume":"98","author":"Yaldiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02560.x","article-title":"The prevalence and determinants of solar keratoses at a subtropical latitude (Queensland, Australia)","volume":"139","author":"Frost","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.9.6sup_14","article-title":"Incidence of skin cancers and precancerous lesions in Japanese\u2013risk factors and prevention","volume":"9","author":"Araki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12246.x","article-title":"The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical\u00a0nevi, and skin cancer","volume":"120","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(97)00602-6","article-title":"Prevalence of actinic keratosis in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Naruse","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.134","article-title":"Prevalence of actinic keratosis and its risk factors in the general population: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"133","author":"Flohil","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10337.x","article-title":"Body-site distribution of skin cancer, pre-malignant and common benign pigmented lesions excised in general practice","volume":"165","author":"Youl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5 suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.04.034","article-title":"Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer","volume":"58","author":"Rigel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19960703)67:1<24::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Site distribution of different types of skin cancer: new aetiological clues","volume":"67","author":"Franceschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.4.502","article-title":"The anatomical distribution of skin cancers","volume":"15","author":"Pearl","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.6.722","article-title":"Prevalence of actinic keratoses and associated factors in a representative sample of the Italian adult population: results from the Prevalence of Actinic Keratoses Italian Study, 2003-2004","volume":"142","author":"Naldi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.9.6sup_102","article-title":"Environmental factors in nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer","volume":"9","author":"Woodhead","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/81.24.1910","article-title":"Quantitative carcinogenesis in man: solar ultraviolet B dose dependence of skin cancer in Maryland watermen","volume":"81","author":"Strickland","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.762","article-title":"Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ambient UV radiation in white populations, 1978-2012: empirical relationships","volume":"150","author":"Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19981005)78:2<144::AID-IJC3>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer (NMSC) treated in Australia 1985-1995: are primary prevention programs starting to have an effect?","volume":"78","author":"Staples","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03892.x","article-title":"Changing trends in non-melanoma skin cancer in South Wales, 1988-98","volume":"143","author":"Holme","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.7.843","article-title":"The mysteries of geographic variability in nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence","volume":"135","author":"Stern","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib37","first-page":"715","article-title":"The relationship between occupational sun exposure and non-melanoma skin cancer: clinical basics, epidemiology, occupational disease evaluation, and prevention","volume":"109","author":"Fartasch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-013-1384-z","article-title":"Actinic keratosis among seafarers","volume":"305","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022137","article-title":"Skin cancers after organ transplantation","volume":"348","author":"Euvrard","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib40","first-page":"513","article-title":"Incidence of skin cancer in 5356 patients following organ transplantation","volume":"143","author":"Lindel\u00f6f","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.11.062","article-title":"Skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: advances in therapy and management: part I. Epidemiology of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"65","author":"O'Reilly Zwald","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib42","first-page":"830","article-title":"Actinic keratoses, actinic field change and associations with squamous cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients in Manchester, UK","volume":"95","author":"Wallingford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib43","first-page":"337","article-title":"Subsequent cancer in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia\u2013a possible immunologic mechanism","volume":"61","author":"Greene","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6993.1491","article-title":"Evidence of an association between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and skin cancer","volume":"310","author":"Adami","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.642","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and skin cancers","volume":"74","author":"Levi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.313","article-title":"Second cancer incidence and cancer mortality among chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients: a population-based study","volume":"105","author":"Royle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.6249","article-title":"Association of advanced leukemic stage and skin cancer tumor stage with poor skin cancer outcomes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"150","author":"Velez","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.10.028","article-title":"Increased incidence and recurrence rates of nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a Rochester Epidemiology Project population-based study in Minnesota","volume":"72","author":"Brewer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.08.055","article-title":"Increased metastasis and mortality from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"53","author":"Mehrany","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14652","article-title":"Defining the actinic keratosis field: a literature review and discussion","volume":"32","author":"Figueras Nart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14682","article-title":"Actinic keratosis area and severity index (AKASI) is associated with the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14151","article-title":"From actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma: pathophysiology revisited","volume":"31","author":"Fernandez Figueras","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib53","first-page":"18","article-title":"Defining field cancerization of the skin using noninvasive optical coherence tomography imaging to detect and monitor actinic keratosis in ingenol mebutate 0.015%- treated patients","volume":"9","author":"Markowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08268.x","article-title":"Management of field change in actinic keratosis","volume":"157","author":"Vatve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12837.1","article-title":"Recent advances in field cancerization and management of multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"7","author":"Christensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200405030-00001","article-title":"Quantifying actinic keratosis: assessing the evidence","volume":"5","author":"Epstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)91278-9","article-title":"The influence of history on interobserver agreement for diagnosing actinic keratoses and malignant skin lesions","volume":"33","author":"Whited","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib58","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Reliability of counting actinic keratoses before and after brief consensus discussion: the VA topical tretinoin chemoprevention (VATTC) trial","volume":"137","author":"Weinstock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14267","article-title":"A proposed scoring system for assessing the severity of actinic keratosis on the head: actinic keratosis area and severity index","volume":"31","author":"Dirschka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2710","article-title":"A novel actinic keratosis field assessment scale for grading actinic keratosis disease severity","volume":"97","author":"Dr\u00e9no","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.154","article-title":"NOTCH1 mutations occur early during cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis","volume":"134","author":"South","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.22.10124","article-title":"A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Brash","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1039\/c1pp05144j","article-title":"UV wavelength-dependent DNA damage and human non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer","volume":"11","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57415","article-title":"From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"122","author":"Ratushny","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202789","article-title":"p53 protects against skin cancer induction by UV-B radiation","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib66","first-page":"4591","article-title":"Time course for early adaptive responses to ultraviolet B light in the epidermis of SKH-1 mice","volume":"59","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13948","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241353198","article-title":"Escaping the stem cell compartment: sustained UVB exposure allows p53-mutant keratinocytes to colonize adjacent epidermal proliferating units without incurring additional mutations","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909738107","article-title":"Stochastic fate of p53-mutant epidermal progenitor cells is tilted toward proliferation by UV B during preneoplasia","volume":"107","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2012.699697","article-title":"Chronic low dose UV exposure and p53 mutation: tilting the odds in early epidermal preneoplasia?","volume":"88","author":"Roshan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.14025","article-title":"Frequent clones of p53-mutated keratinocytes in normal human skin","volume":"93","author":"Jonason","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/372773a0","article-title":"Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer","volume":"372","author":"Ziegler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62511-4","article-title":"Persistent p53 mutations in single cells from normal human skin","volume":"159","author":"Ling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"suppl 61","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.146.s61.6.x","article-title":"From actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"146","author":"Ortonne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.360","article-title":"UV and skin cancer: specific p53 gene mutation in normal skin as a biologically relevant exposure measurement","volume":"91","author":"Nakazawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi198","article-title":"Relationship between UV-induced mutant p53 patches and skin tumours, analysed by mutation spectra and by induction kinetics in various DNA-repair-deficient mice","volume":"26","author":"Rebel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.07.844","article-title":"Subclonal evolution of cancer-related gene mutations in p53 immunopositive patches in human skin","volume":"138","author":"Albibas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.8.6.707","article-title":"Notch1 is essential for postimplantation development in mice","volume":"8","author":"Swiatek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1994.059.01.016","article-title":"Functional analysis of the TAN-1 gene, a human homolog of Drosophila notch","volume":"59","author":"Aster","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.6.1169","article-title":"The Notch ligand, X-Delta-2, mediates segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos","volume":"124","author":"Jen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81929-7","article-title":"Notch activity influences the alphabeta versus gammadelta T cell lineage decision","volume":"88","author":"Washburn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17761","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114669108","article-title":"Loss-of-function mutations in Notch receptors in cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0427","article-title":"Functional protein pathway activation mapping of the progression of normal skin to squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Einspahr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-58","article-title":"Molecular profiling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses from organ transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Hameetman","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08833","article-title":"RAF inhibitors prime wild-type RAF to activate the MAPK pathway and enhance growth","volume":"464","author":"Hatzivassiliou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08902","article-title":"RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF","volume":"464","author":"Poulikakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2011.69","article-title":"BRAF targeted therapy changes the treatment paradigm in melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Ribas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6582","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1768","article-title":"Mutational landscape of aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Pickering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.245","article-title":"A transposon-based analysis of gene mutations related to skin cancer development","volume":"133","author":"Quintana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105358","article-title":"RAS mutations in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors","volume":"366","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09338.x","article-title":"Systematic comparison of nonmelanoma skin cancer microarray datasets reveals lack of consensus genes","volume":"161","author":"Van Haren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.760","article-title":"Key differences identified between actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by transcriptome profiling","volume":"110","author":"Lambert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-11-0028","article-title":"Temporal dissection of tumorigenesis in primary cancers","volume":"1","author":"Durinck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.276","article-title":"Mutational landscape of basal cell carcinomas by whole-exome sequencing","volume":"134","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.35","article-title":"Predictors of squamous cell carcinoma in high-risk patients in the VATTC trial","volume":"133","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.3307","article-title":"Timing of subsequent new tumors in patients who present with basal cell carcinoma or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"151","author":"Wehner","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.03.028","article-title":"Overall and progression-free survival of stage 4 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma at a single large referral center","volume":"73","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.12.043","article-title":"The burden of skin disease in the United States","volume":"76","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.186","article-title":"Skin cancer is among the most costly of all cancers to treat for the Medicare population","volume":"48","author":"Housman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.07.056","article-title":"Trends in Medicare spending on topical immunomodulators and chemotherapies","volume":"78","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.02.058","article-title":"Impact of topical fluorouracil cream on costs of treating keratinocyte carcinoma (nonmelanoma skin cancer) and actinic keratosis","volume":"79","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.02.022","article-title":"Quality of life in the actinic neoplasia syndrome: the VA Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention (VATTC) Trial","volume":"61","author":"Weinstock","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0295-4","article-title":"Health related quality of life in patients with actinic keratosis\u2013an observational study of patients treated in dermatology specialist care in Denmark","volume":"13","author":"Tennvall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib103","first-page":"25","article-title":"Differences in disease-specific quality of life in patients with actinic keratosis in Australia and Denmark","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Croat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0972","article-title":"Prospective quality of life impact of actinic keratoses: observations from the veterans affairs topical tretinoin chemoprevention trial","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000489118","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Dutch adaptation of the Actinic Keratosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (AKQoL)","volume":"234","author":"Vis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14703","article-title":"Patient-reported health outcomes in patients with non-melanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis: results from a large-scale observational study analysing effects of diagnoses and disease progression","volume":"32","author":"Philipp-Dormston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.01.004","article-title":"Quality of life, behaviour and attitudes towards actinic keratosis in Spain: the PIQA Study","volume":"109","author":"Longo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019096222030791X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019096222030791X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:54:05Z","timestamp":1759272845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S019096222030791X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S019096222030791X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Field cancerization: Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}