{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:34:30Z","timestamp":1792978470930,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T17:12:59Z","timestamp":1617383579000},"page":"e209-e233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Guidelines of care for the management of actinic keratosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Eisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam M.","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Dellavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther E.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Leffell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Peschin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Sligh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy A.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsy","family":"Frazer-Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd E.","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S31930","article-title":"Optimal treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"8","author":"Uhlenhake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14091","article-title":"The importance of patient-centred care to overcome barriers in the management of actinic keratosis","volume":"31","author":"Cerio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2013.13","article-title":"A primer on effectiveness and efficacy trials","volume":"5","author":"Singal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.03.013","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations","volume":"66","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation\u2013determinants of a recommendation's direction and strength","volume":"66","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03166.x","article-title":"Actinic keratosis","volume":"46","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1 Part 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103343","article-title":"Clinical presentation of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Moy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70113-G","article-title":"A double-blind, vehicle-controlled study evaluating masoprocol cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses on the head and neck","volume":"24","author":"Olsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000300012","article-title":"Actinic keratosis: a clinical and epidemiological revision","volume":"87","author":"Schmitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2004.11.001","article-title":"Premalignant and early squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Butani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06318.x","article-title":"Dermoscopic features of actinic keratosis","volume":"5","author":"Peris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103344","article-title":"Histopathology of incipient intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma (\u201cactinic keratosis\u201d)","volume":"42","author":"Cockerell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07860.x","article-title":"Actinic keratosis is an early in situ squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassification","volume":"156","author":"R\u00f6wert-Huber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000366531","article-title":"Photodamage: all signs lead to actinic keratosis and early squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"46","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.07121.x","article-title":"Solar (actinic) keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"155","author":"Ackerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200007000-00001","article-title":"Actinic keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"93","author":"Lober","year":"2000","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.107497","article-title":"The nature of solar keratosis: a critical review in historical perspective","volume":"43","author":"Heaphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01065.x","article-title":"Proliferative actinic keratosis","volume":"33","author":"Goldberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.028","article-title":"Morphologic grading and treatment of facial actinic keratosis","volume":"32","author":"Zalaudek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14512","article-title":"Actinic keratoses show variable histological basal growth patterns\u2013a proposed classification adjustment","volume":"32","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15580","article-title":"Evaluation of two histological classifications for actinic keratoses\u2013PRO classification scored highest inter-rater reliability","volume":"33","author":"Schmitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13626","article-title":"Actinic keratosis: correlation between clinical and histological classification systems","volume":"30","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103342","article-title":"Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Salasche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib24","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Review ofactinic keratosis. Part I: etiology, epidemiology and clinical presentation","volume":"9","author":"Goldberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06644.x","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of solar keratoses: the case for conservative management","volume":"115","author":"Marks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib26","first-page":"1099","article-title":"The kinetics of skin cancer: progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"8589","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91658-3","article-title":"Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Marks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.09.053","article-title":"Pathobiology of actinic keratosis: ultraviolet-dependent keratinocyte proliferation","volume":"68","author":"Berman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/120347540200600301","article-title":"The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas arise in actinic keratoses","volume":"6","author":"Czarnecki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq442","article-title":"Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with celecoxib: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Elmets","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103339","article-title":"The risk of progression to invasive disease","volume":"42","author":"Glogau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00467.x","article-title":"Frequency of pre-existing actinic keratosis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Mittelbronn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib33","first-page":"1462","article-title":"The paradigm shift in treating actinic keratosis: a comprehensive strategy","volume":"11","author":"Stockfleth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00284.x","article-title":"DNA damage, apoptosis and langerhans cells\u2013Activators of UV-induced immune tolerance","volume":"84","author":"Timares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib35","first-page":"136","article-title":"Sunlight and sunburn in human skin cancer: p53, apoptosis, and tumor promotion","volume":"1","author":"Brash","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"issue":"6508","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/372773a0","article-title":"Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer","volume":"372","author":"Ziegler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57415","article-title":"From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"122","author":"Ratushny","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08267.x","article-title":"Pathology and pathobiology of actinic (solar) keratosis\u2013an update","volume":"157","author":"Roewert-Huber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.01.042","article-title":"Genomic instability, mutations and expression analysis of the tumour suppressor genes p14(ARF), p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a) and p53 in actinic keratosis","volume":"264","author":"Kanellou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.378","article-title":"Gene expression patterns of normal human skin, actinic keratosis, and squamous cell carcinoma: a spectrum of disease progression","volume":"146","author":"Padilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000032536.48264.D1","article-title":"Immunohistochemical comparison of p16 expression in actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin","volume":"15","author":"Hodges","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(01)00757-1","article-title":"Progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin correlates with deletion of the 9p21 region encoding the p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor","volume":"176","author":"Mortier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12372194","article-title":"UVB light induces nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) activity independently from chromosomal DNA damage in cell-free cytosolic extracts","volume":"102","author":"Simon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24284","article-title":"Actinic keratoses: natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial","volume":"115","author":"Criscione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12420","article-title":"The natural history of actinic keratosis: a systematic review","volume":"169","author":"Werner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000366530","article-title":"Patients' perspectives on actinic keratosis","volume":"46","author":"Esmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.534","article-title":"Non-melanoma skin cancer and solar keratoses. I. Methods and descriptive results of the South Wales Skin Cancer Study","volume":"74","author":"Harvey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14092","article-title":"The importance of treating the field in actinic keratosis","volume":"31","author":"Stockfleth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199310143291602","article-title":"Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use","volume":"329","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.4.451","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to assess sunscreen application and beta carotene supplementation in the prevention of solar keratoses","volume":"139","author":"Darlington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.01.004","article-title":"Quality of life, behaviour and attitudes towards actinic keratosis in Spain: the PIQA study","volume":"109","author":"Longo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.0502","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of topical fluorouracil cream, 5%, for treating actinic keratosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"151","author":"Pomerantz","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib53","first-page":"335","article-title":"Randomized trial evaluating a new 0.5% fluorouracil formulation demonstrates efficacy after 1-, 2-, or 4-week treatment in patients with actinic keratosis","volume":"70","author":"Jorizzo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.7.813","article-title":"Effect of a 1-week treatment with 0.5% topical fluorouracil on occurrence of actinic keratosis after cryosurgery: a randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial","volume":"140","author":"Jorizzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib55","first-page":"133","article-title":"One-week treatment with 0.5% fluorouracil cream prior to cryosurgery in patients with actinic keratoses: a double-blind, vehicle-controlled, long-term study","volume":"5","author":"Jorizzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib56","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effective treatment of actinic keratosis with 0.5% fluorouracil cream for 1, 2, or 4 weeks","volume":"70","author":"Weiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89820","article-title":"Randomized trial of calcipotriol combined with 5-fluorouracil for skin cancer precursor immunotherapy","volume":"127","author":"Cunningham","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07942.x","article-title":"Vehicle-controlled, randomized, double-blind study to assess safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream applied once daily 3 days per week in one or two courses of treatment of actinic keratoses on the head","volume":"157","author":"Alomar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0960.2003.00003.x","article-title":"Short-course therapy with imiquimod 5% cream for solar keratoses: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09260.x","article-title":"Effect of dosing frequency on the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream for treatment of actinic keratosis on the forearms and hands: a phase II, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"161","author":"Gebauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.020","article-title":"Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 3-week cycles","volume":"62","author":"Hanke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib62","first-page":"165","article-title":"Complete clearance is sustained for at least 12 months after treatment of actinic keratoses of the face or balding scalp via daily dosing with imiquimod 3.75% or 2.5% cream","volume":"10","author":"Hanke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.01.047","article-title":"Vehicle-controlled, double-blind, randomized study of imiquimod 5% cream applied 3 days per week in one or two courses of treatment for actinic keratoses on the head","volume":"57","author":"Jorizzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib64","first-page":"1101","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter, efficacy and safety study of 3.75% imiquimod cream following cryosurgery for the treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"9","author":"Jorizzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.4.467","article-title":"Dosing with 5% imiquimod cream 3 times per week for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of two phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled trials","volume":"141","author":"Korman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.12.010","article-title":"Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results from two phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.11.1498","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study to assess 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses","volume":"138","author":"Stockfleth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.07.004","article-title":"Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 2-week cycles","volume":"62","author":"Swanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.02.022","article-title":"Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, clinical trial with histology","volume":"51","author":"Szeimies","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2008.00497.x","article-title":"PEP005 (ingenol mebutate) gel, a novel agent for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicentre, phase IIa study","volume":"50","author":"Siller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.01.008","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, vehicle-controlled study of ingenol mebutate gel 0.025% and 0.05% for actinic keratosis","volume":"60","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1111170","article-title":"Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis","volume":"366","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13211","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing simultaneous vs. sequential field treatment of actinic keratosis with ingenol mebutate on two separate areas of the head and body","volume":"29","author":"Pellacani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14222","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of follow-up field treatment of actinic keratosis with ingenol mebutate 0.015% gel: a randomized, controlled 12-month study","volume":"174","author":"Garbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.11.034","article-title":"Topical corticosteroid has no influence on inflammation or efficacy after ingenol mebutate treatment of grade I to III actinic keratoses (AK): a randomized clinical trial","volume":"74","author":"Erlendsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib76","first-page":"432","article-title":"Assessment of rfficacy and irritation of ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% used with or without dimethicone lotion for treatment of actinic keratosis on the face","volume":"16","author":"Jim On","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib77","first-page":"438","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of escalating doses of ingenol mebutate for field treatment of actinic keratosis on the full Face, full balding scalp, or chest","volume":"16","author":"Hanke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib78","series-title":"Risks of Picato for actinic keratosis outweigh benefits","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0960.2002.00635.x","article-title":"Topical diclofenac in hyaluronan gel for the treatment of solar keratoses","volume":"44","author":"Gebauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1997.tb01693.x","article-title":"Topical diclofenac\/hyaluronic acid gel in the treatment of solar keratoses","volume":"38","author":"McEwan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04561.x","article-title":"Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel","volume":"146","author":"Rivers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.01324.x","article-title":"Topical 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"40","author":"Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024040","article-title":"Phase 3 Trials of Tirbanibulin Ointment for Actinic Keratosis","volume":"384","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2010.03999.x","article-title":"Comparison of topical 3% diclofenac sodium gel and 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"36","author":"Akarsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630701818870","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of 3% diclofenac sodium gel and 5% imiquimod cream in the treatment of actinic keratosis","volume":"19","author":"Kose","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08271.x","article-title":"A randomised study of topical 5% imiquimod vs. topical 5-fluorouracil vs. cryosurgery in immunocompetent patients with actinic keratoses: a comparison of clinical and histological outcomes including 1-year follow-up","volume":"157","author":"Krawtchenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib88","first-page":"144","article-title":"Comparison of 5% 5-fluorouracil cream and 5% imiquimod cream in the management of actinic keratoses on the face and scalp","volume":"6","author":"Tanghetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20132083","article-title":"Comparative study of actinic keratosis treatment with 3% diclofenac sodium and 5% 5-fluorouracil","volume":"88","author":"Segatto","year":"2013","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib90","first-page":"156","article-title":"Bilateral comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of 3% diclofenac sodium gel and 5% 5-fluorouracil cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses of the face and scalp","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15868","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes of imiquimod 5% cream vs. diclofenac 3% gel for actinic keratosis on the face or scalp: a pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials","volume":"34","author":"Gollnick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811850","article-title":"Randomized trial of four treatment approaches for actinic keratosis","volume":"380","author":"Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)70143-4","article-title":"Cryosurgery cure rate of actinic keratoses","volume":"7","author":"Lubritz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib94","first-page":"1432","article-title":"A comparison of cryotherapy and imiquimod for treatment of actinic keratoses: lesion clearance, safety, and skin quality outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630310012118","article-title":"A comparison of photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix) with single cycle cryotherapy in patients with actinic keratosis: a prospective, randomized study","volume":"14","author":"Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.119649","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl 5-aminolevulinate compared with cryotherapy for actinic keratosis: a prospective, randomized study","volume":"47","author":"Szeimies","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2014.06.006","article-title":"Liquid nitrogen for the treatment of actinic keratosis: a longitudinal assessment","volume":"69","author":"Ianhez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02056.x","article-title":"A prospective study of the use of cryosurgery for the treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"43","author":"Thai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12847","article-title":"Cryotherapy is preferable to ablative CO2 laser for the treatment of isolated actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"170","author":"Zane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.1.41","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: investigator-blinded, phase 3, multicenter trials","volume":"140","author":"Piacquadio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07520.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy using aminolaevulinic acid for patients with nonhyperkeratotic actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: phase IV multicentre clinical trial with 12-month follow up","volume":"155","author":"Tschen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.0849","article-title":"Effect of expedited microneedle-assisted photodynamic therapy for field treatment of actinic keratoses: a randomized clinical rrial","volume":"153","author":"Petukhova","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib103","first-page":"275","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy effectively treats actinic keratoses without pre-illumination incubation time","volume":"16","author":"Gandy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08450.x","article-title":"Continuous activation of PpIX by daylight is as effective as and less painful than conventional photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses: a randomized, controlled, single-blinded study","volume":"158","author":"Wiegell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15116","article-title":"Microneedle-assisted incubation during aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses: a randomized controlled evaluator-blind trial","volume":"176","author":"Lev-Tov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.03029.x","article-title":"Short incubation with methyl aminolevulinate for photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses","volume":"23","author":"Braathen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13228","article-title":"Daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate cream is effective and nearly painless in treating actinic keratoses: a randomised, investigator-blinded, controlled, phase III study throughout Europe","volume":"29","author":"Lacour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2205","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses: a randomized prospective non-sponsored cost-effectiveness study of daylight-mediated treatment compared with light-emitting diode treatment","volume":"96","author":"Neittaanmaki-Perttu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.05.031","article-title":"Topical methyl-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy using red light-emitting diode light for treatment of multiple actinic keratoses: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"59","author":"Pariser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.49","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with topical methyl aminolevulinate for actinic keratosis: results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial","volume":"48","author":"Pariser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13138","article-title":"Daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate cream as a convenient, similarly effective, nearly painless alternative to conventional photodynamic therapy in actinic keratosis treatment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"171","author":"Rubel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14613","article-title":"Conventional vs. daylight photodynamic therapy for patients with actinic keratosis on face and scalp: 12-month follow-up results of a randomized, intra-individual comparative analysis","volume":"32","author":"Sotiriou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2009.01096.x","article-title":"Topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy using red light-emitting diode light for multiple actinic keratoses: a randomized study","volume":"35","author":"Szeimies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550510032887","article-title":"A randomized multicenter study to compare two treatment regimens of topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix)-PDT in actinic keratosis of the face and scalp","volume":"85","author":"Tarstedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09119.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with 8% and 16% methyl aminolaevulinate and home-based daylight exposure: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial","volume":"160","author":"Wiegell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10613.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, observer-blind phase III study in comparison with a registered methyl-5-aminolaevulinate cream and placebo","volume":"166","author":"Dirschka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12158","article-title":"Long-term (6 and 12 months) follow-up of two prospective, randomized, controlled phase III trials of photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA and methyl aminolaevulinate for the treatment of actinic keratosis","volume":"168","author":"Dirschka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14498","volume":"175","author":"Reinhold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09873.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study","volume":"163","author":"Szeimies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096829","article-title":"A network meta-analysis of the relative efficacy of treatments for actinic keratosis of the face or scalp in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Vegter","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00770.x","article-title":"Effective photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses on the head and face with a novel, self-adhesive 5-aminolaevulinic acid patch","volume":"18","author":"Hauschild","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.10.010","article-title":"Conventional versus daylight photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis: a randomized and prospective study in China","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15272","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial comparing 35% trichloroacetic acid peel and 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for treating multiple actinic keratosis","volume":"176","author":"Holzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.114288","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with topical aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride and fluorescent blue light","volume":"45","author":"Jeffes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000630","article-title":"Randomized vehicle-controlled study of short drug incubation aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses of the face or scalp","volume":"42","author":"Pariser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib126","first-page":"1483","volume":"11","author":"Schmieder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001760","article-title":"A randomized, vehicle-controlled phase 3 study of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic keratoses on the upper extremities","volume":"45","author":"Brian Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/01.DSS.0000452662.69539.57","article-title":"Temperature-modulated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic keratosis on the extremities: a pilot study","volume":"40","author":"Willey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001702","article-title":"Thermal photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses on facial skin: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"45","author":"Willey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12462","article-title":"Novel photodynamic therapy does not prevent new skin cancers\u2014randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09040.x","article-title":"Optimization of photodynamic therapy with a novel self-adhesive 5-aminolaevulinic acid patch: results of two randomized controlled phase III studies","volume":"160","author":"Hauschild","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib132","first-page":"255","article-title":"Efficacy of cryosurgery and 5-fluorouracil cream 0.5% combination therapy for the treatment of actinic keratosis","volume":"94","author":"Hoover","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib133","first-page":"36","article-title":"An investigator-initiated study to assess the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 3.75% cream when used after cryotherapy in the treatment of hypertrophic actinic keratoses on dorsal hands and rorearms","volume":"6","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2007.00033","article-title":"Efficacy of imiquimod as an adjunct to cryotherapy for actinic keratoses","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib135","first-page":"669","article-title":"Diclofenac sodium 3% gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses postcryosurgery","volume":"7","author":"Berlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib136","series-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Cryotherapy and 0.1% Acnalen gel vs. Cryotherapy and Placebo in the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses","author":"Azimi","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib137","first-page":"35","article-title":"Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential use of photodynamic therapy; and imiquimod 5% cream","volume":"8","author":"Shaffelburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-9740.2007.06174.x","article-title":"Immunosuppression and squamous cell carcinoma: a focus on solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-019-0831-1","article-title":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in immunosuppressed patients","volume":"21","author":"Tam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.3631","article-title":"Chemoprevention of basal and squamous cell carcinoma with a single course of fluorouracil, 5%, cream: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"154","author":"Weinstock","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.012","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib143","series-title":"Review Manager (RevMan) [computer program]","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib144","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","first-page":"241","article-title":"Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses","author":"Deeks","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.07.006","article-title":"Guideline panels should seldom make good practice statements: guidance from the GRADE Working Group","volume":"80","author":"Guyatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082_bib147","unstructured":"American Academy of Dermatology. Administrative regulation\u2013evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Accessed November 1, 2019. Available at: https:\/\/server.aad.org\/forms\/Policies\/Uploads\/Members\/AR%20-%20Evidence-Based%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidelines.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962221005028?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962221005028?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T23:00:43Z","timestamp":1759273243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962221005028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962221005028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Guidelines of care for the management of actinic keratosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}