{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:12:22Z","timestamp":1792699942721,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","jaad.org","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T19:35:59Z","timestamp":1657136159000},"page":"237-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Part II: The treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Curtiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Svigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Schwager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Lo Sicco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Anrdew G.","family":"Franks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev002","article-title":"Prediction and impact of attacks of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon, as judged by patient perception","volume":"54","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90783-6","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon of the lung","volume":"76","author":"Fahey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197401000-00001","article-title":"The relationship of hypertension and renal failure in scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) to structural and functional abnormalities of the renal cortical circulation","volume":"53","author":"Cannon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-007-0010-5","article-title":"Outcome measures in systemic sclerosis: an update on instruments and current research","volume":"9","author":"Khanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21858","article-title":"Evaluation of test characteristics for outcome measures used in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon clinical trials","volume":"65","author":"Gladue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-2862(03)00018-9","article-title":"Comparison of thermography and laser Doppler imaging in the assessment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"66","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24645","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging techniques in the assessment of scleroderma spectrum disorders","volume":"61","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib8","first-page":"1734","article-title":"Seasonal variation of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Watson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9273","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05118-7","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"357","author":"Block","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib10","series-title":"Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel","first-page":"374","article-title":"17 - Gloves for protection from cold weather","author":"Dolez","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/10.6.691","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses in man to a stream of cold air","volume":"10","author":"Hayward","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12912","article-title":"Drug-induced Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: beyond beta-adrenoceptor blockers","volume":"82","author":"Khouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semerg.2012.07.011","article-title":"Methylphenidate and secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. Article in Spanish","volume":"39","author":"Iglesias Otero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semergen"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319711432861","article-title":"The association of Raynaud syndrome with beta-blockers: a meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Mohokum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30071","article-title":"Cigarette smoking in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Hudson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.066","article-title":"The Frisbee maneuver: A novel method to abort acute attacks of the\u00a0Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"78","author":"Curtiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03290250064035","article-title":"A maneuver to reverse Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon of the fingers","volume":"240","author":"McIntyre","year":"1978","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.4.539","article-title":"Behavioral treatment of\u00a0Raynaud\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"Freedman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013182519331","article-title":"The Raynaud\u2019s treatment study: biofeedback protocols and acquisition of temperature biofeedback skills","volume":"26","author":"Middaugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib20","first-page":"CD000467","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"12","author":"Rirash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.06.004","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: pathogenesis and management","volume":"59","author":"Bakst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283472643","article-title":"Peripheral edema associated with calcium channel blockers: incidence and withdrawal rate\u2014a meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"29","author":"Makani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e3181c8e14a","article-title":"Nitrates and nitrites in the treatment of ischemic cardiac disease","volume":"18","author":"Nossaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.7.636","article-title":"Sustained-release transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patches as a treatment for primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"34","author":"Teh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8263","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90215-X","article-title":"Topical glyceryl trinitrate as adjunctive treatment in Raynaud\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Franks","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.3.5.681","article-title":"The effect of local application of glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerine) on Raynaud\u2019s disease and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon; studies on blood flow and clinical manifestations","volume":"3","author":"Kleckner","year":"1951","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9191","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04095-7","article-title":"Effect of nitric-oxide-generating system on microcirculatory blood flow in skin of patients with severe Raynaud\u2019s syndrome: a randomised trial","volume":"354","author":"Tucker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201536","article-title":"A multi-centre, blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, laboratory-based study of MQX-503, a novel topical gel formulation of nitroglycerine, in patients with Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"72","author":"Hummers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"723","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.62.723.15","article-title":"Objective relief of vasospasm by glyceryl trinitrate in secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"62","author":"Coppock","year":"1986","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib30","first-page":"298","article-title":"Topical nitroglycerin ointment in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"74","author":"Fischer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Z Kardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.01.043","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of topical\u00a0nitrates in the treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"78","author":"Curtiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202836","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for the treatment of secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"72","author":"Roustit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090270","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of tadalafil in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Schiopu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.2271","article-title":"Vardenafil for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"172","author":"Caglayan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq291","article-title":"Efficacy of tadalafil in secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon resistant to vasodilator therapy: a double-blind randomized cross-over trial","volume":"49","author":"Shenoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30195","article-title":"Modified-release sildenafil reduces Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon attack frequency in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Herrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.116475","article-title":"Effect of sildenafil on digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: analysis from a single centre pilot study","volume":"69","author":"Brueckner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2011.569755","article-title":"Oral sildenafil in skin ulcers secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Della Rossa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-207001","article-title":"Efficacy of sildenafil on ischaemic digital ulcer healing in systemic sclerosis: the placebo-controlled SEDUCE study","volume":"75","author":"Hachulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12B","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42M","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.011","article-title":"Pharmacology and drug interaction effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: focus on \u03b1-blocker interactions","volume":"96","author":"Kloner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib41","first-page":"221","article-title":"The role of endothelin-1 and selected cytokines in the pathogenesis of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon associated with systemic connective tissue diseases","volume":"25","author":"Rychlik-Golema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20676","article-title":"Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist","volume":"50","author":"Korn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130658","article-title":"Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Matucci-Cerinic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.101266","article-title":"Bosentan in clinical practice for treating digital and other ischemic ulcers in Spanish patients with systemic sclerosis: IBER-DU cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Roman Ivorra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket019","article-title":"Efficacy of ambrisentan in the treatment of digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis: a preliminary study","volume":"52","author":"Parisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.04.028","article-title":"Effect of the endothelin type A-selective endothelin receptor antagonist ambrisentan on digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis: results of a prospective pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2124","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.281.5.H2124","article-title":"Differential inhibition by botulinum neurotoxin A of cotransmitters released from autonomic vasodilator neurons","volume":"281","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.195","article-title":"A vascular mechanistic approach to understanding Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"11","author":"Flavahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13030","article-title":"Beneficial effect of botulinum toxin A on Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis: a prospective, case series study","volume":"43","author":"Motegi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181a80576","article-title":"Botox therapy for ischemic digits","volume":"124","author":"Neumeister","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.07.006","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a review","volume":"41","author":"Iorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2011.11.001","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A contribution in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon due to systemic sclerosis. Article in French","volume":"58","author":"Serri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Chir Plast Esthet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000244860.00674.57","article-title":"Management of vasospastic disorders with botulinum toxin A","volume":"119","author":"Van Beek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.030","article-title":"Noncosmetic uses of botulinum toxin","volume":"22","author":"Bentsianov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.06.029","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"69","author":"Jenkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2665","article-title":"Efficacy of botulinum toxin B injection for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Motegi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.1144","article-title":"Botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of Raynaud syndrome","volume":"148","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.01.022","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions for secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Huisstede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"9180","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03557-6","article-title":"Acute effect of nitric oxide on Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in scleroderma","volume":"354","author":"Freedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib60","first-page":"202","article-title":"L-arginine therapy in Raynaud's phenomenon?","volume":"21","author":"Agostoni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Clin Lab Res"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022422932108","article-title":"Oral L-arginine can reverse digital necrosis in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"244","author":"Rembold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15180","article-title":"The clinical effects of l-arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine: implications for treatment in secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"33","author":"Curtiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02990.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism","volume":"65","author":"Schwedhelm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib64","first-page":"CD000953","article-title":"Iloprost and cisaprost for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"1998","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-007-0721-z","article-title":"Lupus nephritis and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon are significant risk factors for vascular thrombosis in SLE patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Choojitarom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib66","first-page":"499","article-title":"Long-term low molecular weight heparin therapy for severe Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Denton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.014431","article-title":"Low dose warfarin treatment for calcinosis in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Cukierman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1507638","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"375","author":"Wigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1072-1","article-title":"Clopidogrel treatment may associate with worsening of endothelial function and development of new digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis: results from an open label, proof of concept study","volume":"17","author":"Ntelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290822","article-title":"Successful treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon with pentoxifylline","volume":"29","author":"Goldberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22965","article-title":"Prevention of vascular damage in scleroderma and autoimmune Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril","volume":"56","author":"Gliddon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib72","first-page":"37","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon with captopril","volume":"13","author":"Tosi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Drugs Exp Clin Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2646::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Losartan therapy for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Dziadzio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.10.013","article-title":"A review of the effects of statins in systemic sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Ladak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-009-0199-4","article-title":"Long-term beneficial effects of statins on vascular manifestations in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Kuwana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib76","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Statins: potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers","volume":"35","author":"Abou-Raya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1986.166","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prazosin in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"40","author":"Wollersheim","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib78","first-page":"CD000956","article-title":"Prazosin for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"2000","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib79","first-page":"94","article-title":"Prazosin treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a double blind single crossover study","volume":"12","author":"Russell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198706103-00004","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of serotonin","volume":"10","author":"Vanhoutte","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13314","article-title":"Fluoxetine and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: friend or foe?","volume":"83","author":"Khouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8961","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92582-1","article-title":"Serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"345","author":"Jaffe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.9.1038","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine","volume":"40","author":"Coleiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004882","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon with escitalopram","volume":"8","author":"Buecking","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg137","article-title":"Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and erythromelalgia","volume":"42","author":"Rey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib86","first-page":"CD000954","article-title":"Ketanserin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"2000","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01432.x","article-title":"Effects of sarpogrelate hydrochloride on skin ulcers and quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Yoshimasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2000.00222.x","article-title":"Suppressive effect of saprogrelate hydrochloride on Raynaud's phenomenon and respiratory failure in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Kato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979304400709","article-title":"Tissue plasminogen activator treatment of digital thrombosis in severe Raynaud's phenomenon\u2014a case report","volume":"44","author":"Bridges","year":"1993","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib90","first-page":"260","article-title":"Treatment of severe Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcerations with tissue plasimogen activator","volume":"17","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21622","article-title":"Efficacy of Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"64","author":"Fava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib92","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Sambo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1251-7","article-title":"The treatment with N-acetylcysteine of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and ischemic ulcers therapy in sclerodermic patients: a prospective observational study of 50 patients","volume":"28","author":"Rosato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053426","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"4","author":"Coffman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2011.01.069","article-title":"Thoracic sympathectomy for digital ischemia: A summary of evidence","volume":"54","author":"Coveliers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2017.0634","article-title":"Effects of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy on Raynaud\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Karapolat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib97","first-page":"269","article-title":"Adventitial stripping: a digit saving procedure in refractory Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"25","author":"Yee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2014.09.011","article-title":"Role and rationale for extended periarterial sympathectomy in the management of severe Raynaud syndrome: techniques and results","volume":"31","author":"Merritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hand Clin"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962222022496?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962222022496?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T09:07:12Z","timestamp":1723280832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962222022496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962222022496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Part II: The treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.067","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.06.1199","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0190-9622(23)03247-4","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}