{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:53:06Z","timestamp":1790952786489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","jaad.org","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T14:59:44Z","timestamp":1695481184000},"page":"269-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Best practices in the treatment of melasma with a focus on patients with skin of color"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Seemal R.","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Alexis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Elbuluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pearl E.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iltefat H.","family":"Hamzavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143063","article-title":"Melasma: a clinical and epidemiological review","volume":"89","author":"Handel","year":"2014","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib2","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Dermatological conditions in SKIN OF COLOR-melasma: topical and systemic management","volume":"15","author":"Sangha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690240119022","article-title":"Melasma. Etiologic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"131","author":"Grimes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02472.x","article-title":"Effect of melasma on quality of life in a sample of women living in southern Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Freitag","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-72032012000500007","article-title":"[Photoprotection, melasma and quality of life in pregnant women]","volume":"34","author":"Purim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07591.x","article-title":"Validation of a melasma quality of life questionnaire for Brazilian Portuguese language: the MelasQoL-BP study and improvement of QoL of melasma patients after triple combination therapy","volume":"156","author":"Cestari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.01.049","article-title":"Melasma in Latina patients: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a quality-of-life questionnaire in Spanish language","volume":"55","author":"Dominguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962009000600008","article-title":"[Physiopathology of melasma]","volume":"84","author":"Miot","year":"2009","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060824","article-title":"Heterogeneous\u00a0pathology of Melasma and its clinical implications","volume":"17","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.84722","article-title":"Melasma: a clinico-epidemiological study of 312 cases","volume":"56","author":"Achar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00579.x","article-title":"Co-localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase and phosphorylated Akt in the lesional skins of patients with melasma","volume":"36","author":"Jo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12465","article-title":"Tranexamic acid in treatment of melasma: a comprehensive review of clinical studies","volume":"30","author":"Taraz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.12.046","article-title":"Melasma: a comprehensive update: Part I","volume":"65","author":"Sheth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.4513_3.x","article-title":"Increased expression of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the lesional skin of melasma","volume":"146","author":"Im","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12273","article-title":"Differences in visible light-induced pigmentation according to wavelengths: a clinical and histological study in comparison with UVB exposure","volume":"27","author":"Duteil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.95","article-title":"Impact of long-wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin","volume":"130","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2005.00345.x","article-title":"Modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in melanocytes","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.270","article-title":"Reduced WIF-1 expression stimulates skin hyperpigmentation in patients with melasma","volume":"133","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.109","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling shows altered expression of WNT pathway- and lipid metabolism-related genes as well as melanogenesis-related genes in melasma","volume":"131","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07179.x","article-title":"The dermal stem cell factor and c-kit are overexpressed in melasma","volume":"154","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib22","article-title":"Online survey of US-based dermatologists, physician assistants, and registered nurses reveals the current practices in diagnosing and treating melasma in skin of color patients","volume":"23","author":"Desai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Published online September"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.0135","article-title":"Racial disparities in dermatology training: the impact on black patients","volume":"106","author":"Perlman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0194-1","article-title":"Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Ogbechie-Godec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00488-w","article-title":"Melasma treatment: an evidence-based review","volume":"21","author":"McKesey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_295_18","article-title":"The role of sunscreen in melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation","volume":"65","author":"Fatima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12086","article-title":"Near-visible light and UV photoprotection in the treatment of melasma: a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"30","author":"Castanedo-Cazares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12296","article-title":"Is topical zinc effective in the treatment of melasma? A double-blind randomized comparative study","volume":"40","author":"Yousefi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.08.023","article-title":"Prevention of melasma relapses with sunscreen combining protection against UV and short wavelengths of visible light: a prospective randomized comparative trial","volume":"72","author":"Boukari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib30","article-title":"The efficacy of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in the treatment of melasma","volume":"32","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S323748","article-title":"The application of skin care product in melasma treatment","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib32","first-page":"67","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a new triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma","volume":"72","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1998.tb02463.x","article-title":"Intermittent therapy for melasma in Asian patients with combined topical agents (retinoic acid, hydroquinone and hydrocortisone): clinical and histological studies","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-015-0292-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide, hydroquinone, and tretinoin cream in chinese patients with melasma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study","volume":"35","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib35","first-page":"697","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of a fixed triple combination (fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%) compared with hydroquinone 4% cream in Asian patients with moderate to severe melasma","volume":"159","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib36","first-page":"57","article-title":"Hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%: a safe and efficacious 12-month treatment for melasma","volume":"75","author":"Torok","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimes PE, Bhawan J, Guevara IL, et al. Continuous therapy followed by a maintenance therapy regimen with a triple combination cream for melasma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):962-967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.067"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2018.09.004","article-title":"New oral and topical approaches for the treatment of melasma","volume":"5","author":"Grimes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib39","unstructured":"FDA. FDA works to protect consumers from potentially harmful OTC skin lightening products. FDA Drug Safety and Availability. Published online April 19, 2022. Accessed November 12, 2022. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-works-protect-consumers-potentially-harmful-otc-skin-lightening-products"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01670.x","article-title":"The safety of hydroquinone","volume":"20","author":"Nordlund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib41","first-page":"19","article-title":"Topical Treatments for Melasma and Their Mechanism of Action","volume":"15","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.57602","article-title":"Topical treatment of melasma","volume":"54","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690060057005","article-title":"Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial","volume":"130","author":"Kimbrough-Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03169.x","article-title":"Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma.\u00a0A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Griffiths","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-014-0064-z","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment for melasma: expert opinion and a review","volume":"4","author":"Shankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.113940","article-title":"Kojic Acid vis-a-vis its Combinations with Hydroquinone and Betamethasone Valerate in Melasma: A Randomized, Single Blind, Comparative Study of Efficacy and Safety","volume":"58","author":"Deo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.009","article-title":"The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials","volume":"55","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.108070","article-title":"A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of 4% Hydroquinone vs 0.75% Kojic Acid Cream in the Treatment of Facial Melasma","volume":"58","author":"Monteiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib49","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration Human drug compounding. Accessed October 31, 2023. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/guidance-compliance-regulatory-information\/human-drug-compounding"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib50","first-page":"E25","article-title":"Compounding topicals in dermatology","volume":"105","author":"Shabeeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib51","first-page":"s17","article-title":"The Practice of Compounding, Associated Compounding Regulations, and the Impact on Dermatologists","volume":"17","author":"Quertermous","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1712905","article-title":"Toward Better-Quality Compounded Drugs - An Update from the FDA","volume":"377","author":"Woodcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxab176","article-title":"A pharmacist-driven Food and Drug Administration incident surveillance and response program for compounded drugs","volume":"78","author":"Janusziewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11040167","article-title":"Tuning the Transdermal Delivery of Hydroquinone upon Formulation with Novel Permeation Enhancers","volume":"11","author":"Serrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05305.x","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of dermatoscopy in hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis","volume":"52","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14095","article-title":"The top 10 cosmeceuticals for facial hyperpigmentation","volume":"33","author":"Searle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12835","article-title":"Efficacy and possible mechanisms of topical tranexamic acid in melasma","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.053","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of oral tranexamic acid in the treatment of moderate-to-severe melasma","volume":"78","author":"del Rosario","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12830","article-title":"Evaluation of oral tranexamic acid in the treatment of melasma","volume":"18","author":"Colferai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.03.001","article-title":"Oral tranexamic acid (TA) in the treatment of melasma: A retrospective analysis","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-012-9899-9","article-title":"Treatment of melasma with oral administration of tranexamic acid","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12474","article-title":"Oral tranexamic acid lightens refractory melasma","volume":"58","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.164416","article-title":"Oral Tranexamic Acid with Fluocinolone-Based Triple Combination Cream Versus Fluocinolone-Based Triple Combination Cream Alone in Melasma: An Open Labeled Randomized Comparative Trial","volume":"60","author":"Padhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001518","article-title":"Oral Tranexamic Acid for the Treatment of Melasma: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Bala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatologic Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib65","first-page":"13","article-title":"Polypodium leucotomos as an Adjunct Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Nestor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3109\/09546631003801619","article-title":"Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Arjinpathana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib67","first-page":"148","article-title":"Role of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract in dermatologic diseases: a review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Choudhry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib68","unstructured":"Goh CL, Chuah SY, Tien S, Thng G, Vitale MA, Delgado-Rubin A. Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Polypodium Leucotomos Extract in the Treatment of Melasma in Asian Skin: A Pilot Study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(3):14-19."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16896","article-title":"French maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) in association with triple combination cream for the treatment of facial melasma in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90830-0","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"34","author":"Kameyama","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.08236.x","article-title":"Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid","volume":"25","author":"Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib72","unstructured":"Alexis AF, Blackcloud P. Natural ingredients for darker skin types: growing options for hyperpigmentation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9 Suppl):s123-7."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12217","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of products containing azelaic acid in melasma treatment","volume":"15","author":"Mazurek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02134.x","article-title":"Castanedo-Cazares JP. A double-blind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs. 4% hydroquinone in melasma","volume":"43","author":"Espinal-Perez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00780-4","article-title":"Update on Melasma\u2014Part II: Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Cassiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04135.x","article-title":"Preventing melasma recurrence: prescribing a maintenance regimen with an effective triple combination cream based on long-standing clinical severity","volume":"26","author":"Arellano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00927-2","article-title":"Systemic Adverse Events\u00a0Associated with Compounded Topical Pain Products","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962223028505?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962223028505?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T13:10:52Z","timestamp":1723295452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962223028505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962223028505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Best practices in the treatment of melasma with a focus on patients with skin of color","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1045","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.05.038","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}