{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:09:10Z","timestamp":1793776150286,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LU 877\/25-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LU 877\/25-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaad.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1730952252000},"page":"452-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["COVID-19 infection is associated with an elevated risk for autoimmune blistering diseases while COVID-19 vaccination decreases the risk: A large-scale population-based cohort study of 112 million individuals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Curman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalaf","family":"Kridin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henner","family":"Zirpel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Akyuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diamant","family":"Thaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enno","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf J.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9863","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61140-4","article-title":"Pemphigoid diseases","volume":"381","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10201","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31778-7","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"394","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-8986-7","article-title":"Pemphigus group: overview, epidemiology, mortality, and comorbidities","volume":"66","author":"Kridin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1196999","article-title":"Comorbidity in bullous pemphigoid: up-date and clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Huttelmaier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18441","article-title":"Mortality and prognostic factors in patients with bullous pemphigoid: a retrospective multicenter Italian study","volume":"36","author":"Bardazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"7662","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib6","article-title":"Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris--incidence and mortality in the UK: population based cohort study","volume":"337","author":"Langan","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18700","article-title":"Mortality in eight autoimmune bullous diseases: a global large-scale retrospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Boch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"10344","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00484-6","article-title":"Estimating global, regional, and national daily and cumulative infections with SARS-CoV-2 through Nov 14, 2021: a statistical analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18931","article-title":"Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021","volume":"328","author":"Wulf Hanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6","article-title":"Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.08.012","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak and autoimmune bullous diseases: a systematic review of published cases","volume":"84","author":"Kasperkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.087","article-title":"The risk of COVID-19 in patients with bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus: a population-based cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Kridin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1337406","article-title":"New-onset autoimmune disease after COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Hileman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102154","article-title":"Risk of autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 and the potential protective effect from vaccination: a population-based cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"9396","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14802-7","article-title":"Vaccination and autoimmune disease: what is the evidence?","volume":"362","author":"Wraith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12050465","article-title":"New onset and exacerbation of autoimmune bullous dermatosis following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105123","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular risks and mortality in prurigo nodularis: a global cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Olbrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1030","article-title":"Risk of comorbid autoimmune diseases in patients with immunobullous disorders: a global large-scale cohort study","volume":"89","author":"Kasperkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104639","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus is associated with an increased risk of cardiac and vascular diseases: a large-scale, propensity-matched global retrospective cohort study","volume":"93","author":"Olbrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad035","article-title":"A global federated real-world data and analytics platform for research","volume":"6","author":"Palchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069317","article-title":"Public health impact of covid-19 vaccines in the US: observational study","volume":"377","author":"Suthar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1614904","article-title":"The role of viral infections in the development of autoimmune diseases","volume":"45","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762","article-title":"Viruses and autoimmunity: a review on the potential interaction and molecular mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Smatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19783","article-title":"De novo pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus development following COVID-19 infection and vaccination: matched case-control study","volume":"38","author":"Arduino","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1256","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19271","article-title":"New-onset pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus following COVID-19 infection and vaccination, systematic review of case reports and a causal hypothesis","volume":"37","author":"Petti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.05.013","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris after COVID-19 infection and vaccination","volume":"87","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1112823","article-title":"Autoimmune bullous diseases during COVID-19 pandemic: 2022 update on rituximab and vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Pira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.153834","article-title":"Autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases after SARS-Cov-2 vaccination: a case report of pemphigus vulgaris and a literature review","volume":"232","author":"Calabria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071423","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on inflammatory skin disorders and other cutaneous diseases: a review of the published literature","volume":"15","author":"Martora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.05.017","article-title":"Risk of autoimmune skin and connective tissue disorders after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"89","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201302600201","article-title":"Vaccines and autoimmunity","volume":"26","author":"De Martino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080815","article-title":"Vaccinations and autoimmune diseases","volume":"9","author":"Olivieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0143-6","article-title":"The human antibody response to influenza A virus infection and vaccination","volume":"19","author":"Krammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02037","article-title":"The immune response and immunopathology of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Mortaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15397","article-title":"Early rituximab treatment is associated with increased and sustained remission in pemphigus patients: a retrospective cohort of 99 patients","volume":"35","author":"Nosrati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103359","article-title":"Temporal trends in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962224031116?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0190962224031116?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:37:19Z","timestamp":1777523839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0190962224031116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0190962224031116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"COVID-19 infection is associated with an elevated risk for autoimmune blistering diseases while COVID-19 vaccination decreases the risk: A large-scale population-based cohort study of 112 million individuals","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.063","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}