{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:08:47Z","timestamp":1793146127353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaapos.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]],"date-time":"2013-10-23T10:07:57Z","timestamp":1382522877000},"page":"494-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Utility of an open field Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for measurement of refractive error in infants and young children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Schwiegerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.02.037","article-title":"Testability of vision and refraction in preschoolers: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error study in singaporean children","volume":"148","author":"Trager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.09.017","article-title":"Testability of refraction, stereopsis, and other ocular measures in preschool children: the Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"16","author":"Pai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.11.941","article-title":"Reproducibility and accuracy of measurements with a hand held autorefractor in children","volume":"81","author":"Harvey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.11.1260","article-title":"Screening for abnormal levels of hyperopia in children: a non-cycloplegic method with a hand held refractor","volume":"82","author":"Cordonnier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1076\/stra.6.3.133.661","article-title":"How accurate is the hand-held refractor Retinomax(R) in measuring cycloplegic refraction: a further evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Cordonnier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19980301-10","article-title":"Evaluation of a hand-held autorefractor in children younger than 6","volume":"35","author":"el-Defrawy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199912000-00022","article-title":"Corneal and refractive astigmatism in a sample of 3- to 5-year-old children with a high prevalence of astigmatism","volume":"76","author":"Dobson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70062-5","article-title":"Visual acuity screening versus noncycloplegic autorefraction screening for astigmatism in Native American preschool children","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200003000-00013","article-title":"Measurement of refractive error in Native American preschoolers: validity and reproducibility of autorefraction","volume":"77","author":"Harvey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(99)00325-9","article-title":"Accuracy and accommodation capability of a handheld autorefractor","volume":"26","author":"Wesemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1076\/stra.9.2.59.701","article-title":"Non-cycloplegic screening for refractive errors in children with the hand-held autorefractor Retinomax: final results and comparison with non-cycloplegic photoscreening","volume":"9","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib12","first-page":"917","article-title":"Comparison of preschool vision screening methods in a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2003.00668.x","article-title":"Comparison of the Retinomax autorefractor with hand-held retinoscopy in 1-year-old infants","volume":"31","author":"Gole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00789-X","article-title":"Comparison of measurements of refractive errors between the hand-held Retinomax and on-table autorefractors in cyclopleged and noncyclopleged children","volume":"136","author":"Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200308000-00010","article-title":"Cycloplegic autorefraction results in pre-school children using the Nikon Retinomax Plus and the Welch Allyn SureSight","volume":"80","author":"Steele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970490886594","article-title":"Comparison between two hand-held autorefractors: the Sure-Sight and the Retinomax","volume":"12","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.01.022","article-title":"Comparison of preschool vision screening tests as administered by licensed eye care professionals in the Vision in Preschoolers Study","volume":"111","author":"Schmidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0141","article-title":"Preschool vision screening tests administered by nurse screeners compared with lay screeners in the vision in preschoolers study","volume":"46","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000162660.14378.30","article-title":"Sensitivity of screening tests for detecting vision in preschoolers-targeted vision disorders when specificity is 94%","volume":"82","author":"Ying","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.10.036","article-title":"Testability of the Retinomax autorefractor and IOLMaster in preschool children: the Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"115","author":"Borchert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00616.x","article-title":"Cycloplegic refraction in preschool children: comparisons between the hand-held autorefractor, table-mounted autorefractor and retinoscopy","volume":"29","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.030","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error among preschool children in an urban population: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"116","author":"Giordano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a59bf5","article-title":"Findings from the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) Study","volume":"86","author":"Kulp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.008","article-title":"Anisometropia in Hispanic and African American infants and young children the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study","volume":"117","author":"Borchert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.09.015","article-title":"Screening for refractive errors in children: the plusoptiX S08 and the Retinomax K-plus2 performed by a lay screener compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy","volume":"14","author":"Paff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182192658","article-title":"Comparison of the Retinomax and Palm-AR Auto-Refractors: a pilot study","volume":"88","author":"Ciner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9658","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8559","article-title":"ROC analysis of the accuracy of Noncycloplegic retinoscopy, Retinomax Autorefractor, and SureSight Vision Screener for preschool vision screening","volume":"52","author":"Ying","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00073.x","article-title":"Testing young infants with the Welch Allyn SureSight non-cycloplegic autorefractor","volume":"22","author":"Adams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(02)01426-8","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of refraction using a handheld wavefront autorefractor in young and adult patients","volume":"28","author":"Schimitzek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1076\/stra.11.3.133.16648","article-title":"Wave-front analysis as screening technique for amblyogenic ametropia with and without cycloplegia","volume":"11","author":"Schimitzek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970490517854","article-title":"Examination of preschool children for ametropia: first experiences using a new hand-held autorefractor","volume":"12","author":"B\u00fcchner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2003.10.006","article-title":"Clinical comparison of the Welch Allyn SureSight handheld autorefractor versus cycloplegic autorefraction and retinoscopic refraction","volume":"8","author":"Iuorno","year":"2004","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2006.09.008","article-title":"Field evaluation of the Welch Allyn SureSight vision screener: incorporating the vision in preschoolers study recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Rowatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2009.08.013","article-title":"Accuracy of the Welch Allyn SureSight for measurement of magnitude of astigmatism in 3- to 7-year-old children","volume":"13","author":"Harvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.08.011","article-title":"Limits on improving the positive predictive value of the Welch Allyn SureSight for preschool vision screening","volume":"13","author":"Silverstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181d951c8","article-title":"Amblyopia in astigmatic infants and toddlers","volume":"87","author":"Dobson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181d95b23","article-title":"Prevalence of astigmatism in Native American infants and children","volume":"87","author":"Harvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200308000-00012","article-title":"The manifestation of noncycloplegic refractive state in pre-school children is dependent on autorefractor design","volume":"80","author":"Suryakumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.084","article-title":"A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children","volume":"142","author":"Choong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib40","first-page":"217","article-title":"Prevalence of high corneal astigmatism in\u00a0Papago school children","volume":"25","author":"Kershner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib41","series-title":"Vision Science and Its Applications","first-page":"177","article-title":"Prevalence of astigmatism, astigmatic anisometropia, and glasses wearing among preschool- and school-age Native American children","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Dobson","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000214333.84822.71","article-title":"Prevalence of high astigmatism, eyeglass wear, and poor visual acuity among Native American grade school children","volume":"83","author":"Harvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6061","article-title":"Prevalence of corneal astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American children 6 months to 8 years of age","volume":"52","author":"Harvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.767355","article-title":"Developmental changes in anterior corneal astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American infants and children","volume":"20","author":"Harvey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib45","series-title":"Vision Science and Its Applications, OSA Technical Digest","first-page":"110","article-title":"Design of a compact Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for real-time measurement of aberrations in human eyes","author":"Straub","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197601000-00005","article-title":"A matrix formalism for decentration problems","volume":"53","author":"Long","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1990.tb03110.x","article-title":"The mean and variance of samples of dioptric power: the basic calculations","volume":"73","author":"Harris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a6a211","article-title":"Clinical applications of power vectors","volume":"86","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1985.tb00670.x","article-title":"Variation of astigmatism with accommodation and its relationship with dark focus","volume":"5","author":"Millodot","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199110000-00011","article-title":"Changes in ocular astigmatism over the whole range of accommodation","volume":"68","author":"Ukai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200101010-00004","article-title":"Accommodation and induced with-the-rule astigmatism in emmetropes","volume":"78","author":"Mutti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1167\/4.4.3","article-title":"A population study on changes in wave aberrations with accommodation","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00474.x","article-title":"Changes in astigmatism with accommodation","volume":"27","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200003000-00014","article-title":"Accommodation causes with-the-rule astigmatism in emmetropes","volume":"77","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.09.012","article-title":"Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: a 10-year, evidence-based update","volume":"17","author":"Donahue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181bb41de","article-title":"Receding and disparity cues aid relaxation of accommodation","volume":"86","author":"Horwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853113002589?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853113002589?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T20:19:53Z","timestamp":1761077993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1091853113002589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1091853113002589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-8531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-8531","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Utility of an open field Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for measurement of refractive error in infants and young children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.05.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}