{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:56:11Z","timestamp":1789959371603,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012155","name":"Channel 7 Telethon Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007817","name":"Alcon Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001108","name":"Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaapos.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T20:27:06Z","timestamp":1583526426000},"page":"74.e1-74.e7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Influence of prenatal environment and birth parameters on amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gareth","family":"Lingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Mountain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex W.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Newnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyhan","family":"Yazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310364","article-title":"Amblyopia and strabismus: trends in prevalence and risk factors among young adults in Israel","volume":"102","author":"Shapira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.029","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in a population-based study of young adult men in Singapore","volume":"140","author":"Rosman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.134700","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for common vision problems in children: data from the ALSPAC study","volume":"92","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.040","article-title":"Risk factors for amblyopia in the vision in preschoolers study","volume":"121","author":"Pascual","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib5","first-page":"98.e1","article-title":"Treatment outcomes for amblyopia using PEDIG amblyopia protocols: a retrospective study of 877 cases","volume":"23","author":"Buckle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.06.032","article-title":"The effects of strabismus on quality of life in adults","volume":"144","author":"Hatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.12.003","article-title":"Quality of life in adults with strabismus","volume":"159","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91862-0","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in an adult population","volume":"105","author":"Attebo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1076\/0928-6586(200012)741-YFT249","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and associated refractive errors in an adult population in Victoria, Australia","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4461","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in young Singaporean Chinese children","volume":"51","author":"Chia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib11","first-page":"338","article-title":"The prevalence of amblyopia in Germany: data from the prospective, population-based Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"112","author":"Elflein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.024","article-title":"Amblyopia prevalence and risk factors in Australian preschool children","volume":"119","author":"Pai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.6.878","article-title":"Causes and associations of amblyopia in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children","volume":"124","author":"Robaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.034","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia in school-aged children and variations by age, gender, and ethnicity in a multi-country refractive error study","volume":"122","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.034","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in white and African American children aged 6 through 71 months: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"116","author":"Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.001","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia or strabismus in Asian and non-Hispanic white preschool children: Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"120","author":"McKean-Cowdin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"115","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3352","article-title":"Rotterdam amblyopia screening effectiveness study: Detection and causes of amblyopia in a large birth cohort","volume":"51","author":"Groenewoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.06.053","article-title":"Factors associated with a previous diagnosis of strabismus in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian children","volume":"142","author":"Robaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.02.019","article-title":"Factors associated with childhood strabismus: Findings from a population-based study","volume":"113","author":"Robaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2014.904371","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in a population of 7th-grade junior high school students in Central China: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study (ACES)","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.083154","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children","volume":"90","author":"Huynh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.008","article-title":"Anisometropia in Hispanic and African American infants and young children the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study","volume":"117","author":"Borchert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302637","article-title":"Prevalence of anisometropia and its association with refractive error and amblyopia in preschool children","volume":"97","author":"Afsari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11066","article-title":"Profile of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in children: Prevalence and association with age, ocular biometric measures, and refractive status","volume":"54","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304228","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors in the European adult population: The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)","volume":"98","author":"Wolfram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4001","article-title":"Risk factors and genetics in common comitant strabismus: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"131","author":"Maconachie","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.05.001","article-title":"The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia","volume":"36","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq092","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors for strabismus","volume":"39","author":"Torp-Pedersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.032","article-title":"Risk factors associated with childhood strabismus: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease studies","volume":"118","author":"Cotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18647","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of anisometropia in children","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91944-H","article-title":"Effects of frequent ultrasound during pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"342","author":"Newnham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2012.755632","article-title":"Raine eye health study: Design, methodology and baseline prevalence of ophthalmic disease in a birth-cohort study of young adults","volume":"34","author":"Yazar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Gen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib34","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Cohort profile: The Western Australian pregnancy cohort (Raine) study\u2013generation 2","volume":"46","author":"Straker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311594","article-title":"Overestimation of hyperopia with autorefraction compared with retinoscopy under cycloplegia in school-age children","volume":"102","author":"Hashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970590890949","article-title":"Defining amblyopia: The need for a joint classification","volume":"13","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12639","article-title":"Danish Rural Eye Study: The association of preschool vision screening with the prevalence of amblyopia","volume":"93","author":"H\u00f8eg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00628.x","article-title":"Correctable and non-correctable visual impairment among young males: A 12-year prevalence study of the Military Service in Poland","volume":"29","author":"Nowak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702668","article-title":"Impact of amblyopia on vision at age 12 years: findings from a population-based study","volume":"22","author":"Robaei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.790609.x","article-title":"Visual acuity, residual amblyopia and ocular pathology in a screened population of 12\u201313-year-old children in Sweden","volume":"79","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00246-0","article-title":"Asymmetric refraction in an older population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"136","author":"Guzowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090220099030","article-title":"Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia","volume":"112","author":"Chew","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.297","article-title":"Prevalence of and early-life influences on childhood strabismus: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"164","author":"Pathai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.946","article-title":"Effect of gestational age and birth weight on the risk of strabismus among premature infants","volume":"168","author":"Gulati","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib45","first-page":"24","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in healthy nulliparas who developed hypertension. Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention Study Group","volume":"95","author":"Hauth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.06.033","article-title":"Obstetrical and perinatal outcomes among women with gestational hypertension, mild preeclampsia, and mild chronic hypertension","volume":"205","author":"Cruz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.059","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and in normotensive pregnancies that delivered at 35, 36, or 37 weeks of gestation","volume":"197","author":"Habli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283499f24","article-title":"What can we learn from the thalidomide experience: An ophthalmologic perspective","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.030","article-title":"Risk factors for hyperopia and myopia in preschool children the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies","volume":"118","author":"Borchert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/01658100701486467","article-title":"The association between maternal smoking in pregnancy, other early life characteristics and childhood vision: The Twins Eye Study in Tasmania","volume":"14","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.767354","article-title":"Risk factors for strabismus and amblyopia in young Singapore Chinese children","volume":"20","author":"Chia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853120300495?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853120300495?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T20:24:19Z","timestamp":1761078259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1091853120300495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1091853120300495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-8531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-8531","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Influence of prenatal environment and birth parameters on amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.12.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}