{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:58:21Z","timestamp":1781326701286,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaapos.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T01:20:52Z","timestamp":1602811252000},"page":"344.e1-344.e5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A pilot randomized trial of contrast-rebalanced binocular treatment for deprivation amblyopia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Eileen E.","family":"Birch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reed M.","family":"Jost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena X.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista R.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130284","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0284","article-title":"How the mechanisms of long-term synaptic potentiation and depression serve experience-dependent plasticity in primary visual cortex","volume":"369","author":"Cooke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2284","article-title":"Thalamic activity that drives visual cortical plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Linden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1255","article-title":"Bidirectional synaptic plasticity: from theory to reality","volume":"358","author":"Bear","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.04.023","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates one component of competitive, experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortex","volume":"58","author":"Kaneko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5598-12.2013","article-title":"Downregulation of cortical inhibition mediates ocular dominance plasticity during the critical period","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib6","first-page":"1560","article-title":"Early treatment of congenital unilateral cataract minimizes unequal competition","volume":"39","author":"Birch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib7","first-page":"3687","article-title":"Outcome after very early treatment of dense congenital unilateral cataract","volume":"34","author":"Birch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib8","first-page":"156","article-title":"Fixation control and eye alignment in children treated for dense congenital or developmental cataracts","volume":"16","author":"Birch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib9","first-page":"127","article-title":"Monocular congenital cataract","volume":"19","author":"Hoyt","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"Pt 3b","key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1999.124","article-title":"Management of monocular congenital cataracts","volume":"13","author":"Lambert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib11","first-page":"2080","article-title":"Development of grating acuity in children treated for unilateral or bilateral congenital cataract","volume":"36","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702845","article-title":"Advances in the management of congenital and infantile cataract","volume":"21","author":"Lloyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.09.039","article-title":"Ocular motor outcomes after bilateral and unilateral infantile cataracts","volume":"46","author":"Abadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib14","first-page":"109","article-title":"Stereopsis and binocular vision after surgery for unilateral infantile cataract","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.11.019","article-title":"Greater losses in sensitivity to second-order local motion than to first-order local motion after early visual deprivation in humans","volume":"45","author":"Ellemberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64005-9","article-title":"Effects of early visual deprivation on perceptual and cognitive development","volume":"164","author":"Maurer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90090-3","article-title":"Comparative pharmacological effects on visual cortical neurons in monocularly deprived cats","volume":"339","author":"Duffy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(78)35648-7","article-title":"The pharmacology of amblyopia","volume":"85","author":"Duffy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/291318a0","article-title":"The role of GABAergic inhibition in the cortical effects of monocular deprivation","volume":"291","author":"Sillito","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236673","article-title":"Inhibitory interactions contributing to the ocular dominance of monocularly dominated cells in the normal cat striate cortex","volume":"41","author":"Sillito","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1965","article-title":"Experience-dependent recovery of vision following chronic deprivation amblyopia","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1312","article-title":"Recovery from chronic monocular deprivation following reactivation of thalamocortical plasticity by dark exposure","volume":"2","author":"Montey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.017","article-title":"Darkness alters maturation of visual cortex and promotes fast recovery from monocular deprivation","volume":"23","author":"Duffy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613279113","article-title":"Rapid recovery from the effects of early monocular deprivation is enabled by temporary inactivation of the retinas","volume":"113","author":"Fong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(04)47009-5","article-title":"Excitatory-inhibitory balance and critical period plasticity in developing visual cortex","volume":"147","author":"Hensch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)80018-X","article-title":"Metaplasticity: a plasticity of synaptic plasticity","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"1996","journal-title":"trends in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib27","series-title":"Congenital Cataract\u2014A Concise Guide to Diagnosis and Management","first-page":"225","article-title":"Stereopsis outcomes in children treated for congenital cataracts","author":"Birch","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.295","article-title":"Long-term visual outcome after extraction of unilateral congenital cataracts","volume":"24","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.09.028","article-title":"Infant Aphakia Treatment Study Group; Infant Aphakia Treatment Study Group. Stereopsis results at 4.5 years of age in the infant aphakia treatment study","volume":"159","author":"Hartmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib30","first-page":"209","article-title":"Early binocular visual experience may improve binocular sensory outcomes in children after surgery for congenital unilateral cataract","volume":"5","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71797-0","article-title":"Stereopsis after congenital monocular cataract extraction","volume":"114","author":"Gregg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib32","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Stereopsis after congenital cataract","volume":"34","author":"Tytla","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib33","first-page":"6","article-title":"Binocular iPad treatment for amblyopia in preschool children","volume":"19","author":"Birch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4224","article-title":"Binocular iPad game versus patching for treatment of amblyopia in children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"134","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001514","article-title":"Baseline and clinical factors associated with response to binocular amblyopia treatment in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"97","author":"Birch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom Vision Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4262","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of a binocular iPad game versus part-time patching in children 5 to 12 years of age with amblyopia","volume":"134","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib37","first-page":"160.e1","article-title":"Binocular amblyopia treatment with contrast re-balanced movies","volume":"23","author":"Birch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.01.004","article-title":"Interocular suppression in children with deprivation amblyopia","volume":"133","author":"Hamm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1","article-title":"A\u00a0computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study testing protocol","volume":"135","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00388-X","article-title":"Reliability of the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study testing protocol in children 7 to <13 years old","volume":"136","author":"Cotter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01256-9","article-title":"Computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the Amblyopia Treatment Study visual acuity testing protocol","volume":"132","author":"Moke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.9.1345","article-title":"Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. The Amblyopia Treatment Study visual acuity testing protocol","volume":"119","author":"Holmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12630","article-title":"Contrast-balanced binocular treatment in children with deprivation amblyopia","volume":"101","author":"Hamm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"}],"container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853120302172?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853120302172?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T20:24:17Z","timestamp":1761078257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1091853120302172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1091853120302172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-8531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-8531","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A pilot randomized trial of contrast-rebalanced binocular treatment for deprivation amblyopia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.07.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}