{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1771543903511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaapos.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T01:00:38Z","timestamp":1642035638000},"page":"2.e1-2.e5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The visual consequences of virtual school: acute eye symptoms in healthy children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jordan L.","family":"Hamburger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith B.","family":"Lavrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Rusakevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jillian A.","family":"Leibowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Zhitnitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay C.","family":"Makkena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine K.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn J.","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kammi B.","family":"Gunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib1","first-page":"32.e1","article-title":"Inconsistent diagnostic criteria for convergence insufficiency","volume":"23","author":"Lavrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000502","article-title":"Current concepts in convergence insufficiency","volume":"29","author":"Trieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib3","first-page":"137","article-title":"Convergence insufficiency\u2014a major review","volume":"83","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181baad13","article-title":"Academic behaviors in children with convergence insufficiency with and without parent-reported ADHD","volume":"86","author":"Rouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2008.10.019","article-title":"Correlation between asthenopic symptoms and different measurements of convergence and reading comprehension and saccadic fixation eye movements","volume":"81","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01642-3","article-title":"Unexpectedly high prevalence of asthenopia in Australian school children identified by the CISS survey tool","volume":"20","author":"Junghans","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12453","article-title":"Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones","volume":"100","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2016.0095","article-title":"Visual fatigue induced by viewing a tablet computer with a high-resolution display","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0281-9","article-title":"Visual consequences of electronic reader use: a pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Maducdoc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1136652","article-title":"Association between exposure to smartphones and ocular health in adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2306_20","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on digital device-related ocular health","volume":"68","author":"Bahkir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.925591","article-title":"The effects of online homeschooling on children, parents, and teachers of grades 1-9 during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701772037","article-title":"The convergence insufficiency treatment trial: design, methods, and baseline data","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.10.1336","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children","volume":"126","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200312000-00014","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years","volume":"80","author":"Borsting","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark TY, Clark RA. Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey scores for required reading versus leisure reading in school-age children. J\u00a0AAPOS;21:452-456.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.06.019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7406","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207406","article-title":"The influence of COVID-19 isolation on physical activity habits and its relationship with convergence insufficiency","volume":"17","author":"Mon-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital eye strain epidemic amid COVID-19 pandemic\u2014a cross-sectional survey","author":"Ganne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2535_20","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1)","volume":"69","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239","article-title":"Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2021.1900283","article-title":"Blue light filtering ophthalmic lenses: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Vagge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.02.010","article-title":"Do blue-blocking lenses reduce eye strain from extended screen time? A double-masked, randomized controlled trial","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib23","first-page":"10","article-title":"Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) Group. Survey instruments in the convergence insufficiency and reading study","volume":"75","author":"Borsting","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib24","first-page":"a554","article-title":"Impact of an educational intervention using the 20\/20\/20 rule on computer vision syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr Vision Eye Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v5i2.8707","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome: a study of knowledge and practices in university students","volume":"5","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nepal J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853122000039?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091853122000039?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T20:25:26Z","timestamp":1761078326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1091853122000039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1091853122000039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-8531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-8531","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The visual consequences of virtual school: acute eye symptoms in healthy children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.10.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}