{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T16:45:21Z","timestamp":1789231521271,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JACC: Basic to Translational Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T12:09:21Z","timestamp":1752754161000},"page":"101328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ketone Bodies in Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7067-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azariyas A.","family":"Challa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford G.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Nystoriak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara R.","family":"Gouwens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh K.","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-111120-111518","article-title":"Metabolic and signaling roles of ketone bodies in health and disease","volume":"41","author":"Puchalska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00935-3","article-title":"Metabolic messengers: ketone bodies","volume":"5","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C948","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00441.2023","article-title":"Ketone bodies in cell physiology and cancer","volume":"326","author":"Giuliani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124079","article-title":"The failing heart utilizes 3-hydroxybutyrate as a metabolic stress defense","volume":"4","author":"Horton","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.04.008","article-title":"Kinetics, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in healthy adult subjects","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00848","article-title":"On the metabolism of exogenous ketones in humans","volume":"8","author":"Stubbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.045033","article-title":"Implications of altered ketone metabolism and therapeutic ketosis in heart failure","volume":"141","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.12.065","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of ketone bodies for patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"77","author":"Yurista","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.07.006","article-title":"Ketone bodies for the failing heart: fuels that can fix the engine?","volume":"32","author":"Yurista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321872","article-title":"Ketones and the heart: metabolic principles and therapeutic implications","volume":"132","author":"Matsuura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2278","article-title":"Dietary interventions and nutritional supplements for heart failure: a systematic appraisal and evidence map","volume":"23","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043534","article-title":"Ketone bodies and cardiovascular disease: an alternate fuel source to the rescue","volume":"24","author":"Manolis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib14","article-title":"Underlying mechanisms of ketotherapy in heart failure: current evidence for clinical implementations","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003243","article-title":"The janus face of ketone bodies in hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00259-1","article-title":"Ketones and the cardiovascular system","volume":"2","author":"Lopaschuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf004","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of ketone bodies on exercise intolerance in heart failure: looking beyond the heart","author":"Soni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1968","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00250.2002","article-title":"dl-3-Hydroxybutyrate administration prevents myocardial damage after coronary occlusion in rat hearts","volume":"283","author":"Zou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.123.015298","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of empagliflozin and circulating ketone bodies during acute myocardial infarction","volume":"16","author":"Santos-Gallego","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.04.019","article-title":"Treatment with D-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate protects heart from ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"829","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006573","article-title":"Chronically elevating circulating ketones can reduce cardiac inflammation and blunt the development of heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2023.11.001","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate administered at reperfusion reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function by improving mitochondrial function through autophagy in male mice","volume":"186","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa298","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrates restriction inhibits the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure","volume":"117","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007684","article-title":"Ketone ester treatment improves cardiac function and reduces pathologic remodeling in preclinical models of heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Yurista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5606","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13634","article-title":"Chronic exogenous ketone supplementation blunts the decline of cardiac function in the failing heart","volume":"8","author":"Takahara","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.325179","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate facilitates postinfarction cardiac repair via targeting PHD2","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.020729","article-title":"Ketone ester D-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-1,3 butanediol prevents decline in cardiac function in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"10","author":"Thai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317933","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria-inflammation circuit by \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate mitigates HFpEF","volume":"128","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4697","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S331320","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate mitigated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by increasing treg cells via Nox2\/GSK-3\u03b2","volume":"14","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.058","article-title":"Salt-responsive metabolite, \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, attenuates hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib31","article-title":"Ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate ameliorates atherosclerosis via receptor Gpr109a-mediated calcium influx","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020471","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate impedes the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice","volume":"12","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5992","article-title":"Downregulation of HDAC9 by the ketone metabolite \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate suppresses vascular calcification","volume":"258","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010111","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate alleviates atherosclerotic calcification by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via AMPK\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600773R","article-title":"Novel ketone diet enhances physical and cognitive performance","volume":"30","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0184-4","article-title":"Oral \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate increases ketonemia, decreases visceral adipocyte volume and improves serum lipid profile in Wistar rats","volume":"14","author":"Caminhotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01415-6","article-title":"3-Hydroxybutyrate ameliorates insulin resistance by inhibiting PPAR\u03b3 Ser273 phosphorylation in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071930","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate increases exercise capacity associated with changes in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle","volume":"12","author":"Monsalves-Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036459","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of treatment with the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate in chronic heart failure patients","volume":"139","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.038461","article-title":"Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of modulating circulating ketone bodies with 1,3-butanediol in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"14","author":"Guldbrandsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.05.029","article-title":"Beneficial effects of ketone ester in patients with cardiogenic shock: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"11","author":"Berg-Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067971","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of oral ketone ester treatment in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"149","author":"Berg-Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069732","article-title":"Randomized crossover trial of 2-week ketone ester treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"150","author":"Gopalasingam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028232","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of ketone bodies in patients with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Nielsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz232","article-title":"A ketone monoester drink reduces the glycemic response to an oral glucose challenge in individuals with obesity: a randomized trial","volume":"110","author":"Myette-C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1738","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa925","article-title":"14-day ketone supplementation lowers glucose and improves vascular function in obesity: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"106","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac595","article-title":"Ketone body infusion abrogates growth hormone-induced lipolysis and insulin resistance","volume":"108","author":"H\u00f8gild","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.07.010","article-title":"Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and thereby endurance performance in athletes","volume":"24","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002502","article-title":"The effect of blood ketone concentration and exercise intensity on exogenous ketone oxidation rates in athletes","volume":"53","author":"Dearlove","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277831","article-title":"Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload","volume":"597","author":"Poff\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R844","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00198.2021","article-title":"Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia","volume":"321","author":"Poffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284346","article-title":"Exogenous ketosis elevates circulating erythropoietin and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload","volume":"601","author":"Poffe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318186","article-title":"Pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches to acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"128","author":"Njoroge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-023-01008-y","article-title":"Ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate elevates cardiac output through peripheral vasorelaxation and enhanced cardiac contractility","volume":"118","author":"Homilius","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2021.10.017","article-title":"Acute echocardiographic effects of exogenous ketone administration in healthy participants","volume":"35","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(03)00283-5","article-title":"Identification of L-3-hydroxybutyrate as an original ketone body in rat serum by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence derivatization","volume":"319","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2011.07.038","article-title":"Enantioselective determination of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the tissues of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats of different ages","volume":"879","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(84)90145-0","article-title":"Purification and characterization of acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase from rat liver","volume":"794","author":"Ito","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(80)90087-9","article-title":"Enzymes of L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in the rat","volume":"205","author":"Reed","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)63335-1","article-title":"Utilization of L(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate, D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and glucose for respiration and lipid synthesis in the 18-day-old rat","volume":"252","author":"Webber","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(82)90030-3","article-title":"On the lack of formation of l-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate by liver","volume":"214","author":"Scofield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064916","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate: a signaling metabolite","volume":"37","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033628","article-title":"Enantiomer-specific cardiovascular effects of the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"13","author":"Gopalasingam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12365","article-title":"Enantiomer-specific pharmacokinetics of D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate: Implications for the treatment of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"44","author":"van Rijt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005066","article-title":"Ketone body infusion with 3-hydroxybutyrate reduces myocardial glucose uptake and increases blood flow in humans: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"6","author":"Gormsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-2-331","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate is increased in man by the infusion of both D,L-3-hydroxybutyric acid and sodium D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"65","author":"Fioretto","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281988","article-title":"Short-term ketone monoester supplementation improves cerebral blood flow and cognition in obesity: a randomized cross-over trial","volume":"599","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00750.x","article-title":"Regulation of coronary blood flow","volume":"7","author":"Goodwill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.321848","article-title":"Myocardial hyperemia via cardiomyocyte catabolism of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"45","author":"Gouwens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70208","article-title":"A ketogenic-promoting beverage acutely elevates cardiac function and myocardial blood flow compared to placebo in adults: a cardiac MRI investigation","volume":"13","author":"Crabtree","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0406","article-title":"Effect of hyperketonemia on myocardial function in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes","volume":"74","author":"Solis-Herrera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202302-0327SO","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension: a contemporary review","volume":"208","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.4402","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: a review","volume":"327","author":"Ruopp","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv317","volume":"37","author":"Gali\u00e8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.042","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction across the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"78","author":"Del Buono","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2022.04.011","article-title":"Targeting endothelial dysfunction and inflammation","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.042","article-title":"Coronary microvascular disease pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic options: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"72","author":"Taqueti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.149037","article-title":"Ketone body \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate is an autophagy-dependent vasodilator","volume":"6","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib79","article-title":"Adaptive metabolic responses facilitate blood-brain barrier repair in ischemic stroke via BHB-mediated epigenetic modification of ZO-1 expression","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.316025","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction","volume":"41","author":"Godo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy185","article-title":"Determinants of long-term clinical outcomes in patients with angina but without obstructive coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Radico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.054","article-title":"Coronary microvascular reactivity to adenosine predicts adverse outcome in women evaluated for suspected ischemia results from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute WISE (Women\u2019s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study","volume":"55","author":"Pepine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.120402","article-title":"Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"126","author":"Murthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174012","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits cardiac microvascular collagen 4 accumulation by attenuating oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and high glucose treated cells","volume":"899","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05305-2","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate inhibits histone deacetylase 3 to promote claudin-5 generation and attenuate cardiac microvascular hyperpermeability in diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202114753","article-title":"Ketone body oxidation increases cardiac endothelial cell proliferation","volume":"14","author":"Weis","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2024.11.004","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate facilitates homeostasis of hypoxic endothelial cells after myocardial infarction via histone lysine \u03b2-hydroxybutyrylation of CPT1A","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0843","article-title":"Skeletal muscle deoxygenation after the onset of moderate exercise suggests slowed microvascular blood flow kinetics in type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Bauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00919.2013","article-title":"Skeletal muscle capillary density and microvascular function are compromised with aging and type 2 diabetes","volume":"116","author":"Groen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R975","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00275.2011","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity in skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow distribution is increased in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"301","author":"Frisbee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029058","article-title":"Exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: diagnosing and ranking its causes using personalized O2 pathway analysis","volume":"137","author":"Houstis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001825","article-title":"Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the role of abnormal peripheral oxygen extraction","volume":"8","author":"Dhakal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R844","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00198.2021","article-title":"Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia","volume":"321","author":"Poff\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284346","article-title":"Exogenous ketosis elevates circulating erythropoietin and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload","volume":"601","author":"Poff\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00800.2024","article-title":"Ketone monoester ingestion improves cardiac function in adults with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial","volume":"138","author":"Perissiou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.090","article-title":"Lymphatic dysregulation in patients with heart failure: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"78","author":"Fudim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0087-y","article-title":"Role and therapeutic potential of dietary ketone bodies in lymph vessel growth","volume":"1","author":"Garc\u00eda-Caballero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13330","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effect of a ketogenic diet for the treatment of lymphoedema: results of an exploratory study","volume":"37","author":"Lodewijckx","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199710000-00013","article-title":"Enzymes of ketone body utilization in human tissues: protein and messenger RNA levels of succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA):3-ketoacid CoA transferase and mitochondrial and cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases","volume":"42","author":"Fukao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.48.6.850","article-title":"The utilization by rabbit aorta of carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as substrates for energy production","volume":"48","author":"Chace","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016088108","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)","volume":"108","author":"Kimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41651","article-title":"Nicotinic acid inhibits progression of atherosclerosis in mice through its receptor GPR109A expressed by immune cells","volume":"121","author":"Lukasova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/983401","article-title":"BHBA suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells by inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"2014","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04649-6","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate suppresses colorectal cancer","volume":"605","author":"Dmitrieva-Posocco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.036","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation of gene expression by histone lysine \u03b2-hydroxybutyrylation","volume":"62","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0440-0","article-title":"Ketogenesis-generated \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate is an epigenetic regulator of CD8+ T-cell memory development","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E56","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00264.2022","article-title":"Ketone monoester ingestion increases postexercise serum erythropoietin concentrations in healthy men","volume":"324","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318790823","article-title":"Erythropoietin response to anaemia in heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Montero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029849","article-title":"Stimulation of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 with the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate and niacin in patients with chronic heart failure: hemodynamic and metabolic effects","volume":"12","author":"Gopalasingam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19314","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3102-13.2013","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate modulates N-type calcium channels in rat sympathetic neurons by acting as an agonist for the G-protein-coupled receptor FFA3","volume":"33","author":"Won","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804","article-title":"The ketone metabolite \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Youm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020250","article-title":"Metabolic responses in endothelial cells following exposure to ketone bodies","volume":"10","author":"Meroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227166","article-title":"Suppression of oxidative stress by \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor","volume":"339","author":"Shimazu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7049237","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation increases SIRT1 activity and \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate levels and decreases oxidative stress in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"2019","author":"Corbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071153","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, potentiates the antioxidant defense via thioredoxin 1 upregulation in cardiomyocytes","volume":"10","author":"Oka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.12.029","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity contributes to protection of ketone bodies against oxidative damage induced during hypoglycemic conditions","volume":"211","author":"Haces","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib117","first-page":"260","article-title":"Ketone bodies as epigenetic modifiers","volume":"21","author":"Ruan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153145","article-title":"Ketone bodies and SIRT1, synergic epigenetic regulators for metabolic health: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Tozzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21098","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate as an epigenetic modifier: underlying mechanisms and implications","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.05.097","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate elevation as a compensatory response against oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes","volume":"475","author":"Nagao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2513837","article-title":"Ketone body \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate prevents myocardial oxidative stress in septic cardiomyopathy","volume":"2022","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00053.2015","article-title":"The role of sirtuins in cardiac disease","volume":"309","author":"Matsushima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007197","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of sirtuin-1 and its downstream effectors: potential role in mediating the heart failure benefits of SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2023.03.014","article-title":"Ketone bodies rescue mitochondrial dysfunction via epigenetic remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Gambardella","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110044","article-title":"Reprogramming of H3K9bhb at regulatory elements is a key feature of fasting in the small intestine","volume":"37","author":"Terranova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04673-9","article-title":"Brain histone beta-hydroxybutyrylation couples metabolism with gene expression","volume":"80","author":"Cornuti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib127","article-title":"Function and mechanism of histone \u03b2-hydroxybutyrylation in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2020.101345","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate antagonizes aortic endothelial injury by promoting generation of VEGF in diabetic rats","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01552-2","article-title":"Up-regulation of MMP-2 by histone H3K9 \u03b2-hydroxybutyrylation to antagonize glomerulosclerosis in diabetic rat","volume":"57","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27181-y","article-title":"Metabolomic and microarray analyses of adipose tissue of dapagliflozin-treated mice, and effects of 3-hydroxybutyrate on induction of adiponectin in adipocytes","volume":"8","author":"Nishitani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02646-3","article-title":"BDH1 overexpression alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy through inhibiting H3K9bhb-mediated transcriptional activation of LCN2","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00464-z","article-title":"MTA2 triggered R-loop trans-regulates BDH1-mediated \u03b2-hydroxybutyrylation and potentiates propagation of hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000256837.40544.4a","article-title":"Vascular cell senescence: contribution to atherosclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Minamino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.246876","article-title":"The intersection between aging and cardiovascular disease","volume":"110","author":"North","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.07.036","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate prevents vascular senescence through hnRNP A1-mediated upregulation of Oct4","volume":"71","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.04.012","article-title":"Fasting induces a highly resilient deep quiescent state in muscle stem cells via ketone body signaling","volume":"34","author":"Benjamin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4109","article-title":"Activation of the pluripotency factor OCT4 in smooth muscle cells is atheroprotective","volume":"22","author":"Cherepanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305530","article-title":"Acute hyperglycemia impairs vascular function in healthy and cardiometabolic diseased subjects: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Loader","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000200226.53994.09","article-title":"Elevated concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids increase monocyte expression of CD11b and adhesion to endothelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2025.03.002","article-title":"Crossover trial of exogenous ketones on cardiometabolic endpoints in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22051","article-title":"A ketone ester drink lowers human ghrelin and appetite","volume":"26","author":"Stubbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8861","article-title":"Comprehensive quantification of fuel use by the failing and nonfailing human heart","volume":"370","author":"Murashige","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz045","article-title":"Increased ketone body oxidation provides additional energy for the failing heart without improving cardiac efficiency","volume":"115","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017545","article-title":"Evidence for intramyocardial disruption of lipid metabolism and increased myocardial ketone utilization in advanced human heart failure","volume":"133","author":"Bedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004953","article-title":"Increased cardiac uptake of ketone bodies and free fatty acids in human heart failure and hypertrophic left ventricular remodeling","volume":"11","author":"Voros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010013","article-title":"Metabolomics and a breath sensor identify acetone as a biomarker for heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Gladding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.08.005","article-title":"The diabetic heart utilizes ketone bodies as an energy source","volume":"77","author":"Mizuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017355","article-title":"The failing heart relies on ketone bodies as a fuel","volume":"133","author":"Aubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154452","article-title":"Myocardial ketone body utilization in patients with heart failure: the impact of oral ketone ester","volume":"115","author":"Monzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00214-8","article-title":"Blood ketone bodies in congestive heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Lommi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86126-0","article-title":"Close linkage between blood total ketone body levels and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with cardiovascular disorders","volume":"11","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061541","article-title":"Fasting plasma ketone bodies are associated with NT-proBNP: a potential mechanism to provide fuel for the failing heart","volume":"13","author":"Palm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442241400002X","article-title":"Regulation of adipocyte lipolysis","volume":"27","author":"Fr\u00fchbeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.07.010","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-specific deficiency of ketone body metabolism promotes accelerated pathological remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Schugar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004417","article-title":"Cardiac-specific Bdh1 overexpression ameliorates oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling in pressure overload-induced heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Uchihashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318241","article-title":"Cardiac energy metabolism in heart failure","volume":"128","author":"Lopaschuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0330","article-title":"CV protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial: a \u201cthrifty substrate\u201d hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02070167","article-title":"On the inability of ketone bodies to serve as the only energy providing substrate for rat heart at physiological work load","volume":"78","author":"Taegtmeyer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115008","article-title":"Changes in citric acid cycle flux and anaplerosis antedate the functional decline in isolated rat hearts utilizing acetoacetate","volume":"87","author":"Russell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1860701","article-title":"Utilization of energy-providing substrates in the isolated working rat heart","volume":"186","author":"Taegtmeyer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.07.006","article-title":"Empagliflozin increases cardiac energy production in diabetes: novel translational insights into the heart failure benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.04.005","article-title":"Myocardial ketones metabolism in heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Karwi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060402","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of the effects of dapagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: DEFINE-HF","volume":"146","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.02.018","article-title":"Targeted metabolomic profiling of dapagliflozin in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the PRESERVED-HF trial","volume":"12","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101500","article-title":"Differential effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate enantiomers on induced pluripotent stem derived cardiac myocyte electrophysiology","volume":"12","author":"Klos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202114753","article-title":"Ketone body oxidation increases cardiac endothelial cell proliferation","volume":"14","author":"Weis","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib167","article-title":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate facilitates postinfarction cardiac repair via targeting PHD2","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2025.02.022","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate facilitates mitochondrial-derived vesicle biogenesis and improves mitochondrial functions","volume":"85","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecular Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1594","article-title":"Survival of patients with chronic heart failure in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14257","article-title":"Heart failure: an update from the last years and a look at the near future","volume":"9","author":"Riccardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00826-2","article-title":"Mechanism of reduced muscle atrophy via ketone body (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01756-2","article-title":"Exogenous ketone supplements in athletic contexts: past, present, and future","volume":"52","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2024.04.008","article-title":"Towards metabolomic-based precision approaches for classifying and treating heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Hahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0014","article-title":"Gastrointestinal effects of exogenous ketone drinks are infrequent, mild, and vary according to ketone compound and dose","volume":"29","author":"Stubbs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.264","article-title":"Exogenous ketosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: Safety, tolerability and effect on glycaemic control","volume":"4","author":"Soto-Mota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology, Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062066","article-title":"Tolerability and safety of a novel ketogenic ester, bis-hexanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol: a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.11.027","article-title":"The effect of 1,3-butanediol and carbohydrate supplementation on running performance","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0284","article-title":"The effect of 1,3-butanediol on cycling time-trial performance","volume":"29","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C551","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00501.2023","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of ketones in cardiometabolic disease: impact on heart and skeletal muscle","volume":"326","author":"Soni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"}],"container-title":["JACC: Basic to Translational Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452302X25002803?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452302X25002803?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:17:10Z","timestamp":1775189830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2452302X25002803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2452302X25002803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-302X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ketone Bodies in Cardiovascular Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JACC: Basic to Translational Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101328","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101328"}}