{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:27:40Z","timestamp":1790209660030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]],"date-time":"2014-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2607,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,2]],"date-time":"2007-10-02T07:31:00Z","timestamp":1191310260000},"page":"1561-1569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":590,"title":["Altered Intestinal Function in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Sandek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juergen","family":"Bauditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Swidsinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Buhner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Weber-Eibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Schroedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Karhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Doehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Rauchhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Poole-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Dieter","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Lochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007263230405","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure","volume":"323","author":"Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.25.3060","article-title":"Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"102","author":"Rauchhaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2002.007005","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview","volume":"90","author":"Anker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00159-8","article-title":"Elevated soluble CD14 receptors and altered cytokines in chronic heart failure","volume":"79","author":"Anker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2004.03.002","article-title":"Studies on intragastric PCO2 at rest and during exercise as a marker of intestinal perfusion in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Krack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/77.1.50","article-title":"Determinants of splanchnic blood flow","volume":"77","author":"Takala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.2.9710092","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability is associated with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill ICU patients","volume":"158","author":"Doig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.116408","article-title":"Bacterial translocation or lymphatic drainage of toxic products from the gut: what is important in human beings?","volume":"131","author":"Deitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530370045029","article-title":"Intestinal permeability, gastric intramucosal pH, and systemic endotoxemia in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"275","author":"Riddington","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00013-1","article-title":"Bacterial translocation of enteric organisms in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"34","author":"Cirera","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09286-1","article-title":"Endotoxin and immune activation in chronic heart failure: a prospective cohort study","volume":"353","author":"Niebauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(03)00104-1","article-title":"Invasive assessment of bacterial endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Peschel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi204","article-title":"The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"26","author":"Swedberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00631.x","article-title":"Pseudoallergic reactions in chronic urticaria are associated with altered gastroduodenal permeability","volume":"59","author":"Buhner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.5.1903","article-title":"Intestinal carbohydrate absorption and permeability at high altitude (5,730 m)","volume":"76","author":"Dinmore","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.065557","article-title":"Genetic basis for increased intestinal permeability in families with Crohn\u2019s disease: role of CARD15 3020insC mutation?","volume":"55","author":"Buhner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01347.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a triple sugar test of colonic permeability in humans","volume":"182","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310000834","article-title":"In vivo influence of nicotine on human basal and NSAID-induced gut barrier function","volume":"38","author":"Suenaert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i8.1131","article-title":"Spatial organisation of bacterial flora in normal and inflamed intestine: a fluorescence in situ hybridisation study in mice","volume":"8","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3380-3389.2005","article-title":"Spatial organisation and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"43","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73933-2","article-title":"C-reactive protein and antibacterial activity in blood plasma of colostrum-fed calves and the effect of lactulose","volume":"86","author":"Schroedl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09286-1","article-title":"Endotoxin and immune activation in chronic heart failure: a prospective cohort study","volume":"353","author":"Niebauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib23","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Ultrasonography in acute transient ischaemic colitis","volume":"125","author":"Eriksen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2361040799","article-title":"Role of US in detection of Crohn disease: meta-analysis","volume":"236","author":"Fraquelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510012163","article-title":"Response to intestinal provocation monitored by transabdominal ultrasound in patients with food hypersensitivity","volume":"40","author":"Arslan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90002-K","article-title":"Gastric intramucosal pH as a therapeutic index of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients","volume":"339","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510100053032","article-title":"Assessmant of splanchnic oxygenation by gastric tonometry in patients with acute circulatory failure","volume":"270","author":"Maynard","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90005-2","article-title":"Comparison of clinical information gained from routine blood-gas analysis and from gastric tonometry for intramural pH","volume":"341","author":"Boyd","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199607000-00013","article-title":"Xylose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose assumed marker for intestinal ischaemia","volume":"24","author":"Johnston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07015-8","article-title":"Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure","volume":"349","author":"Anker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.03.013","article-title":"Muscle wasting in cardiac cachexia","volume":"37","author":"Strassburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00392.x","article-title":"Splanchnic oxygen transport, hepatic function and gastrointestinal barrier after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"48","author":"Braun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90588-6","article-title":"The effect of intestinal hypoperfusion on intestinal absorption and permeability during cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"106","author":"Ohri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200304000-00011","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability: update on the pathogenesis of gut mucosal barrier dysfunction in critical illness","volume":"9","author":"Fink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.6164","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines disrupt epithelial barrier function by apoptosis-independent mechanisms","volume":"171","author":"Bruewer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02484-1","volume":"40","author":"Sabatine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.02.022","article-title":"Usefulness of relative lymphocyte count as an independent predictor of death\/urgent transplant in heart failure","volume":"95","author":"Huehnergarth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584102","article-title":"The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure","volume":"113","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.054","article-title":"Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardio-vascular risk?","volume":"45","author":"Horne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.1.19","article-title":"Predictive power of the relative lymphocyte concentration in patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"97","author":"Ommen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.13.3800","article-title":"High concentrations of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in serum of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock inhibit the lipopolysaccharide response in human monocytes","volume":"98","author":"Zweigner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02690-8","article-title":"The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis","volume":"356","author":"Rauchhaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02085.x","article-title":"Phagocytosis, killing, lymphocyte-mediated antibacterial activity, serum autoantibodies, and plasma endotoxins in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"95","author":"Caradonna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.061","article-title":"High prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Darfeuille-Michaud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib45","first-page":"264","article-title":"Causes and consequences of bacterial adherence to mucosal epithelia during critical illness","volume":"2","author":"Alverdy","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Horiz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200503000-00016","article-title":"The impact of stress and nutrition on bacterial-host interactions at the intestinal epithelial surface","volume":"8","author":"Alverdy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2003.12.004","article-title":"Selective intestinal decontamination in advanced chronic heart failure: a pilot trial","volume":"6","author":"Conraads","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735109707023273?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735109707023273?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T09:11:35Z","timestamp":1556874695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735109707023273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0735109707023273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]}}}