{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:13:28Z","timestamp":1790014408095,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]],"date-time":"2014-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2607,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,2]],"date-time":"2007-10-02T11:31:00Z","timestamp":1191324660000},"page":"1523-1531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Aarush","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Soran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib1","series-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01716-3","article-title":"Refractory angina pectoris: mechanism and therapeutic options","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01095-0","article-title":"Enhanced external counter pulsation improves exercise tolerance, reduces exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and improves left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"37","author":"Urano","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20074","article-title":"Portable enhanced external counterpulsation for acute coronary syndrome and cardiogenic shock: a pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.04.006","article-title":"Angina patients with diastolic versus systolic heart failure demonstrate comparable immediate and one-year benefit from enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"11","author":"Lawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib6","first-page":"678","article-title":"Experimental augmentation of coronary flow by retardation of coronary artery pressure pulse","volume":"34","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"1953","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib7","first-page":"304","article-title":"Technical consideration in the design of a clinical system for external left ventricular assist","volume":"14","author":"Birtwell","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib8","first-page":"599","article-title":"Sequential external counterpulsation (SECP) in China","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1159\/000177103","article-title":"Improved exercise tolerance following enhanced external counterpulsation: cardiac or peripheral effect?","volume":"87","author":"Lawson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90727-G","article-title":"Efficacy of enhanced external counterpulsation in the treatment of angina pectoris","volume":"70","author":"Lawson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00142-7","article-title":"Can angiographic findings predict which coronary patients will benefit from enhanced external counterpulsation?","volume":"77","author":"Lawson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1159\/000177103","article-title":"Improved exercise tolerance following enhanced external counterpulsation: cardiac or peripheral effect?","volume":"87","author":"Lawson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960211111","article-title":"Prior revascularization increases the effectiveness of enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"21","author":"Lawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00140-0","article-title":"The Multicenter Study of Enhanced External Counterpulsation (MUST-EECP): effect of EECP on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and anginal episodes","volume":"33","author":"Arora","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.63.407","article-title":"Improvement of regional myocardial and coronary blood flow reserve in a patient treated with enhanced external counterpulsation: evaluation by nitrogen-13 ammonia PET","volume":"63","author":"Masuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.77.5.869","article-title":"Fluid shear stress stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase in endothelial cells","volume":"77","author":"Tseng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib17","first-page":"87F","article-title":"Reduction of serum endothelin-1 levels by pneumatic external counterpulsation","volume":"14","author":"Garlichs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.053","article-title":"Effect of external counterpulsation on plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1 levels","volume":"98","author":"Akhtar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.74.2.349","article-title":"Chronic exercise in dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene expression","volume":"74","author":"Sessa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.09.021","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the carotid arteries of hypercholesterolemic pigs","volume":"112","author":"Tao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00329-2","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation improves endothelial function in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease","volume":"41","author":"Bonetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib22","first-page":"159","article-title":"Effects of enhanced external counterpulsation in atherosclerosis and NF-kappaB expression: a pig model with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.01.003","article-title":"Cyclic GMP release by acute enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"19","author":"Levenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2005.03.005","article-title":"Effects of enhanced counterpulsation on vascular cell release of coagulation factors","volume":"34","author":"Arora","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib25","first-page":"1491","article-title":"(Effect of chronic enhanced external counterpulsation on arterial endothelial cells of porcine with hypercholesteremia)","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.03.037","article-title":"Effect of enhanced external counterpulsation on resting oxygen uptake in patients having previous coronary revascularization and in healthy volunteers","volume":"98","author":"Ochoa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960230406","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of patients with angina treated with enhanced external counterpulsation: five-year follow-up study","volume":"23","author":"Lawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000007043","article-title":"Treatment benefit in the enhanced external counterpulsation consortium","volume":"94","author":"Lawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2545","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation improved myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve in patients with chronic stable angina","volume":"22","author":"Masuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105201001","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic effects and angina improvement with enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"52","author":"Stys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960240604","article-title":"The International EECP Patient Registry (IEPR): design, methods, baseline characteristics, and acute results","volume":"24","author":"Barsness","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02191-4","article-title":"Effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on stress radionuclide coronary perfusion and exercise capacity in chronic stable angina pectoris","volume":"89","author":"Stys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000073930","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation as initial revascularization treatment for angina refractory to medical therapy","volume":"100","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4950260610","article-title":"Exercise capability and myocardial perfusion in chronic angina patients treated with enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"26","author":"Tartaglia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960290207","article-title":"Two-year outcomes in patients with mild refractory angina treated with enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"29","author":"Lawson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.04.006","article-title":"Angina patients with diastolic versus systolic heart failure demonstrate comparable immediate and one-year benefit from enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"11","author":"Lawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000223255.24309.fa","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation for treatment of refractory angina pectoris","volume":"7","author":"Novo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960290207","article-title":"Two-year outcomes in patients with mild refractory angina treated with enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"29","author":"Lawson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01604.x","article-title":"The immediate and long-term outcome of enhanced external counterpulsation in treatment of chronic stable refractory angina","volume":"259","author":"Loh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00662-3","article-title":"Analysis of baseline factors associated with reduction in chest pain in patients with angina pectoris treated by enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"92","author":"Lawson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2310\/6650.2002.33514","article-title":"Effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on health-related quality of life continue 12 months after treatment: a substudy of the multicenter study of enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"50","author":"Arora","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-5299.2002.00286.x","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation as treatment for chronic angina in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a report from the International EECP Patient Registry (IEPR)","volume":"8","author":"Soran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.122","article-title":"Two-year clinical outcomes after enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) therapy in patients with refractory angina pectoris and left ventricular dysfunction (report from The International EECP Patient Registry)","volume":"97","author":"Soran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000049088","article-title":"Benefit and safety of enhanced external counterpulsation in treating coronary artery disease patients with a history of congestive heart failure","volume":"96","author":"Lawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9164(99)90003-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of enhanced external counterpulsation in mild to moderate heart failure: a preliminary report","volume":"3","author":"Soran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-5299.2002.01731.x","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation in patients with heart failure: a multicenter feasibility study","volume":"8","author":"Soran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.10.079","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation improves exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"48","author":"Feldman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh755","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation: a new technique to augment renal function in liver cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Werner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.03.008","article-title":"Enhanced external counter pulsation (EECP) for restless legs syndrome (RLS): preliminary negative results in a parallel double-blind study","volume":"7","author":"Rajaram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2004.01352.x","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation improves skin oxygenation and perfusion","volume":"34","author":"Hilz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib51","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation for improving athletic performance","author":"Myhre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paper presented at: Experimental Biology 2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000030315","article-title":"Enhanced external counterpulsation as a new treatment modality for patients with erectile dysfunction","volume":"61","author":"Froschermaier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-6941","article-title":"Pneumatic external counterpulsation (PECP): a new treatment option in therapy refractory inner ear disorders?","volume":"79","author":"Offergeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.4065\/79.5.690","article-title":"Successful treatment of symptomatic coronary endothelial dysfunction with enhanced external counterpulsation","volume":"79","author":"Bonetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000047041.66447.29","volume":"107","author":"Gibbons","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl001","article-title":"Guidelines on management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: the Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735109707023923?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735109707023923?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T13:11:42Z","timestamp":1556889102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735109707023923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0735109707023923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]}}}