{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:26:39Z","timestamp":1791588399039,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":376,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002429","name":"Amgen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009457","name":"American Medical Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011531","name":"University of Alabama","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001003","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T13:59:08Z","timestamp":1580738348000},"page":"525-538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":229,"title":["Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease, Adiposity and Dysglycemia Drivers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey I.","family":"Mechanick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Farkouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Timothy","family":"Garvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv428","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in Europe\u2013epidemiological update 2015","volume":"36","author":"Townsend","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-036","article-title":"Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"26","author":"Mensah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406656","article-title":"Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality","volume":"372","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.1326","article-title":"Recent trends in cardiovascular mortality in the United States and public health goals","volume":"1","author":"Sidney","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0630-2","article-title":"Heterogeneity in national U.S. mortality trends within heart disease subgroups, 2000-2015","volume":"17","author":"Sidney","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mortality in the United States, 2017","volume":"328","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global shifts in cardiovascular disease, the epidemiologic transition, and other contributing factors: toward a new practice of global health cardiology","volume":"35","author":"Mendoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303941","article-title":"The epidemic of despair among white Americans: trends in the leading causes of premature death, 1999\u20132015","volume":"107","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.4158\/PS-2019-0080","article-title":"Transcultural diabetes care in the United States: a position statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"25","author":"Mechanick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.042","article-title":"Disparities in cardiovascular mortality related to heart failure in the United States","volume":"73","author":"Glynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.02.014","article-title":"Comparative trends in heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality in the United States and a large integrated healthcare delivery system","volume":"131","author":"Sidney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000652","article-title":"Call to action: urgent challenges in cardiovascular disease","volume":"139","author":"McClellan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67394-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins","volume":"366","author":"Baigent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.10.1809","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Investigators","volume":"93","author":"Howard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000128019.19363.f9","article-title":"Insulin resistance and hypertension: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis study","volume":"43","author":"Saad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052036","article-title":"Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Gast","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.3.781","article-title":"Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Investigators. Insulin sensitivity, insulinemia, and coronary artery disease: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study","volume":"27","author":"Rewers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.10.1154","article-title":"Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"165","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.7.737","article-title":"Attenuation of progression of insulin resistance in patients with coronary artery disease by bezafibrate","volume":"166","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi310","article-title":"Effect of bezafibrate on incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese patients","volume":"26","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161688.PS","article-title":"Adiposity-based chronic disease as a new diagnostic term: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology position statement","volume":"23","author":"Mechanick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.4158\/PS-2018-0139","article-title":"Dysglycemia-based chronic disease: an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists position statement","volume":"24","author":"Mechanick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib24","first-page":"63","article-title":"Quality improvement in chronic illness care: a collaborative approach","volume":"27","author":"Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Improv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-006-0072-5","article-title":"Can a chronic care model collaborative reduce heart disease risk in patients with diabetes?","volume":"22","author":"Vargas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1429","article-title":"Implementation of the chronic care model in small medical practices improves cardiovascular risk but not glycemic control","volume":"37","author":"Frei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.033","article-title":"Genome-wide significant loci: how important are they?","volume":"65","author":"Bjorkegren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.114.000676","article-title":"Shared molecular pathways and gene networks for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women across diverse ethnicities","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovascular Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.520","article-title":"Contribution of gene regulatory networks to heritability of coronary artery disease","volume":"73","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13604","article-title":"Epigenetic marks of in utero exposure to gestational diabetes and childhood adiposity outcomes: the EPOCH study","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.25578","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus epigenetically affects genes predominantly involved in metabolic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Ruchat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.07.034","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation variation in maternal and cord blood of gestational diabetes population","volume":"132","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13505-2","article-title":"Effect of a diabetic environment in utero on predisposition to type 2 diabetes","volume":"361","author":"Sobngwi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1186603","article-title":"Pleiotropy, homeostasis, and functional networks based on assays of cardiovascular traits in genetically randomized populations","volume":"13","author":"Nadeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib35","first-page":"783","article-title":"The investigations of genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Dizaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab Metab Syndrome Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41268","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41268","article-title":"Genomic structural variations for cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidity","volume":"7","author":"Nazarenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.10.028","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and hypertension: role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2174\/2211536607666180402120806","article-title":"Influence of overweight and obesity on circulating inflammation-related microRNA","volume":"7","author":"Hijmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microrna"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03754-3","article-title":"De novo reconstruction of human adipose transcriptome reveals conserved lnc RNAs as regulators of brown adipogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2141","article-title":"Childhood BMI and adult type 2 diabetes, coronary artery diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cardiometabolic traits: a Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"41","author":"Geng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4691-z","article-title":"Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Umer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197334","article-title":"Cardiac function in newborns of obese women and the effect of exercise during pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Nyrnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.116.001554","article-title":"Prediction of adulthood obesity using genetic and childhood clinical risk factors in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study","volume":"10","author":"Seyednasrollah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0385","article-title":"Distinct developmental profile of lower-body adipose tissue defines resistance against obesity-associated metabolic complications","volume":"63","author":"Pinnick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2018.587","article-title":"Spatial analysis for the epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic literature search","volume":"13","author":"Mena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.008","article-title":"Arsenic exposure, diabetes-related genes and diabetes prevalence in a general population from Spain","volume":"235","author":"Grau-Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0188","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants impair insulin secretory function of pancreatic beta-cells: human and in\u00a0vitro evidence","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2017.12.008","article-title":"Can persistent organic pollutants distinguish between two opposite metabolic phenotypes in lean Koreans?","volume":"44","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2018.1445083","article-title":"Reconnoitering the linkage between cardiovascular disease mortality and long-term exposures to outdoor environmental factors in the USA using remotely-sensed data","volume":"53","author":"Al-Hamdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.216974","article-title":"Telomere length as a potential biomarker of coronary artery disease","volume":"145","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.036","article-title":"The gut microbiome and elevated cardiovascular risk in obesity and autoimmunity","volume":"271","author":"Kasselman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for certain health behaviors and conditions among States and selected local areas: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 2015","volume":"67","author":"Pickens","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010049","article-title":"Association between diet-quality scores, adiposity, total cholesterol and markers of nutritional status in European adults: findings from the Food4Me Study","volume":"10","author":"Fallaize","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000497124","article-title":"The ABCD of obesity: an EASO position statement of a diagnostic term with clinical and scientific implications","volume":"12","author":"Fruhbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity Facts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0683","article-title":"Diet, insulin resistance, and obesity: zoning in on data for Atkins dieters living in South Beach","volume":"89","author":"Garvey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.286","article-title":"Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health","volume":"34","author":"Manolopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.067","article-title":"Association of changes in abdominal fat and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.02.002","article-title":"Visceral and intrahepatic fat are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors above other ectopic fat depots: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0350-4","article-title":"Leg fat might be more protective than arm fat in relation to lipid profile","volume":"52","author":"Sanchez-Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1637-7","article-title":"Low subcutaneous thigh fat is a risk factor for unfavourable glucose and lipid levels, independently of high abdominal fat. The Health ABC Study","volume":"48","author":"Snijder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib61","first-page":"393192","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction in nascent metabolic syndrome","volume":"2013","author":"Bremer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.072","article-title":"The adipokine-cardiovascular-lifestyle network","volume":"68","author":"Mechanick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105816","article-title":"Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss","volume":"365","author":"Sumithran","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503093321001","article-title":"Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight","volume":"332","author":"Leibel","year":"1995","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.052","article-title":"The influence of abdominal and ectopic fat accumulation on carotid intima-media thickness: a Chongqing study","volume":"27","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20585","article-title":"The progression of cardiometabolic disease: validation of a new cardiometabolic disease staging system applicable to obesity","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21344","article-title":"Cardiometabolic disease risk in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity: Stability of metabolic health status in adults","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib68","article-title":"Trends in cardiovascular health metrics in obese adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1988-2014","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.003","article-title":"An overview and update on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"61","author":"Elagizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22847","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on survival after sudden cardiac arrest","volume":"41","author":"Matinrazm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.12.003","article-title":"Expansion of islet-resident macrophages leads to inflammation affecting \u03b2 cell proliferation and function in obesity","volume":"29","author":"Ying","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3255-3","article-title":"Autophagy in adipose tissue and the beta cell: implications for obesity and diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Stienstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2174\/157339912799424564","article-title":"Over-nutrition, obesity and insulin resistance in the development of \u03b2-cell dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0022","article-title":"Association of body mass index with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and compression of morbidity","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0648-6","article-title":"Feasibility of anthropometric indices to identify dyslipidemia among adults in Jilin Province: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013262","article-title":"Associations of anthropometric adiposity indexes with hypertension risk","volume":"97","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1861-6","article-title":"Sagittal abdominal diameter and Framingham risk score in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"50","author":"Ziao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e630","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30216-X","article-title":"Adiposity and risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in 0.5 million Chinese men and women: a prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.108","article-title":"Visceral adiposity and skeletal muscle mass are independently and synergistically associated with left ventricular structure and function: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study","volume":"176","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0018","article-title":"Association of anthropometric measures and cardio-metabolic risk factors in normal-weight children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study","volume":"31","author":"Ahadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn573","article-title":"Association of pericardial fat, intrathoracic fat, and visceral abdominal fat with cardiovascular disease burden: the Framingham heart study","volume":"30","author":"Mahabadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185118756950","article-title":"Sex differences in pericardial adipose tissue assessed by PET\/CT and association with cardiometabolic risk","volume":"59","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Radiologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib83","article-title":"Epicardial and visceral adipose tissue in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis in a Chinese population","volume":"13","author":"Khaing","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000099542.57313.C5","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators","volume":"108","author":"Mazurek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.01.106","article-title":"Pericardial and visceral, but not total body fat, are related to global coronary and extra-coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden","volume":"260","author":"Rodriguez-Granillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0770-z","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue is related to arterial stiffness and inflammation in patients with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Al-Talabany","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492318760692","article-title":"Correlation between epicardial fat thickness and aortic valve sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Nabati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc Thor Ann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417232112","article-title":"Adipogenesis and epicardial adipose tissue: a novel fate of the epicardium induced by mesenchymal transformation and PPAR\u03b3 activation","volume":"112","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215118000579","article-title":"Association of epicardial fat thickness with clinical and polysomnographic parameters in non-obese obstructive sleep apnoea patients","volume":"132","author":"Derin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7553","article-title":"Role of free fatty acids on cardiac autonomic nervous system in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients: effects of metabolic control","volume":"86","author":"Manzella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0856-8","article-title":"Localization of fat depots and cardiovascular risk","volume":"17","author":"Gruzdeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5096","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802611115","article-title":"Distinct macrophage populations direct inflammatory versus physiological changes in adipose tissue","volume":"115","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135846","article-title":"Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"72","author":"Olefsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2011.03.002","article-title":"Immune cells in adipose tissue: key players in metabolic disorders","volume":"37","author":"Lolm\u00e8de","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26498","article-title":"MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity","volume":"116","author":"Kanda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2018.015","article-title":"M1\/M2 macrophage polarization in human obese adipose tissue","volume":"162","author":"Chylikova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1159\/000492252","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived exosomes carrying Sonic Hedgehog mediate M1 macrophage polarization-induced insulin resistance via Ptch and PI3K pathways","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.012","article-title":"Obesity and cardiac remodeling in adults: mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"61","author":"Alpert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011869","article-title":"Indicators of accumulated fat are stronger associated with prehypertension compared with indicators of circulating fat","volume":"97","author":"Rivera-Mancia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15019","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.19","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.29","article-title":"Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development","volume":"10","author":"Laakso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.01.003","article-title":"Effect of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and intra-abdominal adiposity on the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus","volume":"120","author":"Rader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.01.008","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with preexisting coronary artery disease","volume":"153","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01834.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and fiber: is insulin resistance the missing link?","volume":"58","author":"Savaiano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-7560(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DMRR154>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk factors and ultrasonically measured early arterial disease in normotensive Type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10762","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease","volume":"106","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-zb08","article-title":"Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"30","author":"Bloomgarden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.04.004","article-title":"Roles of diacylglycerols and ceramides in hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"38","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.1.42","article-title":"Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)","volume":"102","author":"Festa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.026","article-title":"Enhanced adiponectin actions by over-expression of adiponectin receptor 1 in macrophages","volume":"228","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3458","article-title":"Free fatty acids produce insulin resistance and activate the proinflammatory nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in rat liver","volume":"54","author":"Boden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0007","article-title":"Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Nigro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20963","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.34.20963","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance","volume":"272","author":"Steinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.453","article-title":"The effects of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus on lipoprotein subclass particle size and concentration determined by nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"52","author":"Garvey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2018.59.9.1057","article-title":"Impact of insulin resistance on acetylcholine-induced coronary artery spasm in non-diabetic patients","volume":"59","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib118","first-page":"41S","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: focus on dyslipidemia","volume":"14","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3525-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia: where are we?","volume":"58","author":"Verges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(03)00078-X","article-title":"Mechanisms of HDL lowering in insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic states: the combined effect of HDL triglyceride enrichment and elevated hepatic lipase activity","volume":"36","author":"Rashid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303284","article-title":"Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations predict risk for coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study","volume":"34","author":"Hoogeveen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302401","article-title":"New automated assay of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol identifies risk of coronary heart disease: the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072763","article-title":"Small, dense LDL particles predict changes in intima media thickness and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes\u2014a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Gerber","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.34695","article-title":"Lipid compositional differences of small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle influence its oxidative susceptibility: possible implication of increased risk of coronary artery disease in subjects with phenotype B","volume":"51","author":"Ohmura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00700-2","article-title":"Enhanced oxidative susceptibility and reduced antioxidant content of metabolic precursors of small, dense low-density lipoproteins","volume":"110","author":"Tribble","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.036","article-title":"Glycation of LDL in non-diabetic people: small dense LDL is preferentially glycated both in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro","volume":"202","author":"Younis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.005","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction of coronary arteries in subjects without diabetes: an association with both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion response","volume":"139","author":"Lalic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.3","article-title":"Nitric oxide and vascular insulin resistance","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2562","article-title":"Insulin affects vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and migration via distinct signaling pathways","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563213","article-title":"Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X12450094","article-title":"Link between the renin\u2013angiotensin system and insulin resistance: implications for cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.123","article-title":"Salt, aldosterone, and insulin resistance: impact on the cardiovascular system","volume":"7","author":"Lastra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000201443.63240.a7","article-title":"Effects of aldosterone on the vasculature","volume":"47","author":"Schiffrin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00501","article-title":"Platelet hemostasis in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: cGMP- and NO-dependent mechanisms in the insulin-mediated platelet aggregation","volume":"5","author":"Suslova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60768-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from mechanistic studies","volume":"371","author":"Mazzone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.1.121","article-title":"Platelet resistance to nitrates in obesity and obese NIDDM, and normal platelet sensitivity to both insulin and nitrates in lean NIDDM","volume":"21","author":"Anfossi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1942","article-title":"Insulin, insulin resistance, and platelet signaling in diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Randriamboavonjy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32833b7756","article-title":"Lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"21","author":"Krauss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(90)90071-K","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes and coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Tertov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3520","article-title":"Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9582430","article-title":"Macrophages and their role in atherosclerosis: pathophysiology and transcriptome analysis","volume":"2016","author":"Bobryshev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.055","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypic plasticity in atherosclerosis: the associated features and the peculiarities of the expression of inflammatory genes","volume":"184","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1784","article-title":"Lipotoxic heart disease in obese rats: implications for human obesity","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2017.32.2.171","article-title":"Diabetes-related cardiac dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.306842","article-title":"Lipid use and misuse by the heart","volume":"118","author":"Schulze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30027-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal burdens of prediabetes in the USA: analysis of data from serial cross-sectional surveys, 1988-2014","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5953","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5953","article-title":"Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"355","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2233","article-title":"Duration of diabetes and prediabetes during adulthood and subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction in middle age: the CARDIA study","volume":"41","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.12.015","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and incidence and progression of coronary calcium: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol Img"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608664","article-title":"Mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"376","author":"Rawshani","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706245","article-title":"Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"358","author":"Gaede","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800256","article-title":"Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"379","author":"Rawshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7134.823","article-title":"Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23)","volume":"316","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2018.59.4.489","article-title":"The impact of prediabetes on two-year clinical outcomes in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"59","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2530","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease and death in individuals with prediabetes defined by different criteria: the Whitehall II Study","volume":"41","author":"Vistisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.34.3.222","article-title":"The effect of insulin treatment on insulin secretion and insulin action in type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Garvey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(05)80237-X","article-title":"Cellular insulin action and insulin resistance","volume":"7","author":"Garvey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00273856","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia as an inducer as well as a consequence of impaired islet cell function and insulin resistance: implications for the management of diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Unger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0312","article-title":"TRIB3 mediates glucose-induced insulin resistance via a mechanism that requires the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0154","article-title":"Skeletal muscle TRIB3 Mediates glucose toxicity in diabetes and high fat diet-induced insulin resistance","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.09.016","article-title":"Short-term high glucose exposure induces monocyte-endothelial cells adhesion and transmigration by increasing VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"193","author":"Piga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36966-1","article-title":"Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the Interaction of advanced glycation end-products with their receptors binding-proteins","volume":"269","author":"Yan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.3049","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol decreases superoxide anion release in human monocytes under hyperglycemic conditions via inhibition of protein kinase C-alpha","volume":"5","author":"Venugopal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1740","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products, oxidation products, and incident cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Koska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3171-6","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"57","author":"Bugger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117396","article-title":"Pathophysiological concentrations of glucose promote oxidative modification of LDL by superoxide-dependent pathway","volume":"94","author":"Kawamura","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(02)00171-8","article-title":"Scavenger receptors that recognize advanced glycation end products","volume":"12","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90220-7","article-title":"The Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study: prevalence of hyperlipidemia in persons with hypertension and\/or diabetes mellitus and the relationship to coronary heart disease","volume":"116","author":"Assmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.3.S14","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular disease in a prospective population survey in Japan: the Hisayama study","volume":"45","author":"Fujishima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03347.x","article-title":"Low incidence of cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes in primary care settings: a prospective cohort study (JDDM 20)","volume":"28","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390404","article-title":"Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction","volume":"339","author":"Haffner","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.042","article-title":"Lower mortality and cardiovascular event rates in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) as compared with type 2 diabetes and insulin deficient diabetes: a cohort study of 4368 patients","volume":"139","author":"Wod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib173","first-page":"7464320","article-title":"Relationship of hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, and glucose variability to atherosclerotic disease in type 2 diabetes","volume":"2018","author":"Magri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Diabetes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4709-9","article-title":"Prognostic impact of the ankle-brachial index on the development of micro- and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes\u00a0Cohort Study","volume":"61","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4700-5","article-title":"Excess risk of hospitalization for heart failure among people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Rosengren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70219-0","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1.9 million people","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.07.015","article-title":"Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Bornfeldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1615","article-title":"The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism","volume":"54","author":"Brownlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S333","article-title":"Is hyperglycemia a causal factor in cardiovascular disease? Does proving this relationship really matter?","volume":"32","author":"Davidson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yes. Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073510971938619X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073510971938619X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T02:21:01Z","timestamp":1762309261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S073510971938619X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S073510971938619X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease, Adiposity and Dysglycemia Drivers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.044","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}