{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T04:32:42Z","timestamp":1792902762600,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":377,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T18:08:05Z","timestamp":1662401285000},"page":"1091-1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["Exercise for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Wesley J.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Fegers-Wustrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Halle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Haykowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene H.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Kovacic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30383-X","article-title":"The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases","volume":"388","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","article-title":"Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u00b79 million participants","volume":"6","author":"Guthold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib3","series-title":"WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l1495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1495","article-title":"Physical inactivity, cardiometabolic disease, and risk of dementia: an individual-participant meta-analysis","volume":"365","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015853","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between physical activity and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Kodama","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib8","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.11.034","article-title":"Exercise at the extremes: the amount of exercise to reduce cardiovascular events","volume":"67","author":"Eijsvogels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669","article-title":"Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health","volume":"124","author":"Lavie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011858","article-title":"Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing","volume":"346","author":"Myers","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0197-3118.2005.04324.x","article-title":"Controlled endurance exercise training and VO2max changes in older adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib13","article-title":"Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"22","author":"van Baak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.08.003","article-title":"Exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptations and approach to exercise and cardiovascular disease","volume":"78","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00024.2016","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adults","volume":"121","author":"Sawyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00135","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise","volume":"5","author":"Nystoriak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06854.x","article-title":"Adaptive changes in work capacity, skeletal muscle capillarization and enzyme levels during training and detraining","volume":"113","author":"Klausen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085319","article-title":"Adaptations of skeletal muscle mitochondria to exercise training","volume":"101","author":"Lundby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12581","article-title":"Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases","volume":"25","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00707.2003","article-title":"Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity","volume":"96","author":"Houmard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00005","article-title":"Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"147","author":"Sigal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2358","article-title":"Increased skeletal muscle capillarization after aerobic exercise training and weight loss improves insulin sensitivity in adults with IGT","volume":"37","author":"Prior","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.194753","article-title":"Arterial stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor-\u03b21-related changes in adventitial collagen: reversal by aerobic exercise","volume":"588","author":"Fleenor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.10.999","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Kodama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181949333","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults","volume":"41","author":"Donnelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.10.1218","article-title":"Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"286","author":"Boul\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib27","first-page":"Cd002968","article-title":"Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8","article-title":"Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group","volume":"352","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0783","article-title":"Association between physical activity and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Kodama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00846-y","article-title":"Comparisons of different exercise interventions on glycemic control and insulin resistance in prediabetes: a network meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90664-B","article-title":"Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women","volume":"338","author":"Manson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","author":"Knowler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib33","article-title":"Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099921","article-title":"How does exercise treatment compare with antihypertensive medications? A network meta-analysis of 391 randomised controlled trials assessing exercise and medication effects on systolic blood pressure","volume":"53","author":"Naci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00590-0","article-title":"Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis","volume":"397","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098970","article-title":"Effects of short-term, medium-term and long-term resistance exercise training on cardiometabolic health outcomes in adults: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Ashton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000184225.05629.51","article-title":"Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055329","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle modification on patients with resistant hypertension: results of the TRIUMPH randomized clinical trial","volume":"144","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.002","article-title":"Aerobic, resistance or combined training: A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults with metabolic syndrome","volume":"274","author":"Wewege","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600784","article-title":"Exercise training and blood lipids in hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic adults: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials","volume":"53","author":"Halbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61426-3","article-title":"Interactive effects of fitness and statin treatment on mortality risk in veterans with dyslipidaemia: a cohort study","volume":"381","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102995","article-title":"Obesity treatment: weight loss versus increasing fitness and physical activity for reducing health risks","volume":"24","author":"Gaesser","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.02.037","article-title":"Isolated aerobic exercise and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"124","author":"Thorogood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.004","article-title":"Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity and body fat distribution to cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"61","author":"Pich\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat","volume":"13","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1","article-title":"Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Fiuza-Luces","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.729939","article-title":"Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms","volume":"116","author":"Mora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0321-z","article-title":"The impact of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-010-9616-1","article-title":"Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Inaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovascular Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00672.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training","volume":"6","author":"Hellsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002619","article-title":"Exercise training reduces arterial stiffness in adults with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.061","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.02.069","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation","volume":"411","author":"Beavers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000109141.48980.37","article-title":"Physical training increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibits neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis","volume":"109","author":"Laufs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277764","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training and vascular function with ageing in healthy men and women","volume":"597","author":"Seals","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht462","article-title":"Depression and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review","volume":"35","author":"Hare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00980","article-title":"Cardio-respiratory fitness and autonomic function in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"10","author":"Herbsleb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchis-Gomar F, Lavie CJ, Marin J, et\u00a0al. Exercise effects on cardiovascular disease: from basic aspects to clinical evidence. Cardiovasc Res. Published online September 3, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvab272.","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab272"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00707-3","article-title":"Physical activity and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: assessing the impact of reverse causation and measurement error in 2 large prospective cohorts","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.01.004","article-title":"Dancing Participation and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Population-Based British Cohorts","volume":"50","author":"Merom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.8014","article-title":"Association of \"weekend warrior\" and other leisure time physical activity patterns with risks for all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality","volume":"177","author":"O'Donovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib62","article-title":"Quantifying the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Wahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.22.2453","article-title":"Physical activity recommendations and decreased risk of mortality","volume":"167","author":"Leitzmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001335","article-title":"Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100393","article-title":"Association of high amounts of physical activity with mortality risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Blond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0541","article-title":"Effect of moderate to vigorous physical activity on all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Australians","volume":"175","author":"Gebel","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0365-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and continuous endurance training for VO2max improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Milanovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815a51b3","article-title":"Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer","volume":"40","author":"Troiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.10.008","article-title":"Editoral commentary: move more, sit less: updated guidelines promote any physical activity for all","volume":"30","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/iby010","article-title":"Are physical activity interventions for healthy inactive adults effective in promoting behavior change and maintenance, and which behavior change techniques are effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Howlett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102892","article-title":"Do smartphone applications and activity trackers increase physical activity in adults? Systematic review, meta-analysis and metaregression","volume":"55","author":"Laranjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01536-4","article-title":"Daily step count and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"52","author":"Jayedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz564","article-title":"Mortality reduction with physical activity in patients with and without cardiovascular disease","volume":"40","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320905719","article-title":"Effectiveness of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery disease patients treated according to contemporary evidence based medicine: Update of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS-II)","volume":"27","author":"Salzwedel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.017","article-title":"Physical activity and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease","volume":"70","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000121360.31954.1F","article-title":"Percutaneous coronary angioplasty compared with exercise training in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomized trial","volume":"109","author":"Hambrecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000109500.03050.7C","article-title":"Exercise training reduces neointimal growth and stabilizes vascular lesions developing after injury in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice","volume":"109","author":"Pynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C","article-title":"Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"107","author":"Hambrecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016442","article-title":"Coronary collateral growth induced by physical exercise: results of the Impact of Intensive Exercise Training on Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease (EXCITE) trial","volume":"133","author":"Mobius-Winkler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients","volume":"126","author":"Rognmo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.014","article-title":"Exercise Intolerance in older adults with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: JACC State-of-the-art review","volume":"78","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26812","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity interval training, moderate continuous training, or guideline-based physical activity advice on peak oxygen consumption in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Mueller","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26347","article-title":"Searching for the optimal exercise training regimen in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"325","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030617","article-title":"Reversing the cardiac effects of sedentary aging in middle age-a randomized controlled trial: implications for heart failure prevention","volume":"137","author":"Howden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.07.971","article-title":"High-intensity interval exercise effectively improves cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diastolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Hollekim-Strand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.454","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"O'Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026141","article-title":"Physical rehabilitation for older patients hospitalized for heart failure","volume":"385","author":"Kitzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022924","article-title":"High-intensity interval training in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"135","author":"Ellingsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.313831","article-title":"Skeletal muscle pathology in peripheral artery disease: a brief review","volume":"40","author":"McDermott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2310\/6670.2007.00054","article-title":"Mitochondriopathy of peripheral arterial disease","volume":"15","author":"Makris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.842328","article-title":"Pathophysiological changes in calf muscle predict mobility loss at 2-year follow-up in men and women with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"120","author":"McDermott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000623","article-title":"Optimal exercise programs for patients with peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Treat-Jacobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.04.046","article-title":"Supervised walking therapy in patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"56","author":"Fakhry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.075770","article-title":"Supervised exercise versus primary stenting for claudication resulting from aortoiliac peripheral artery disease: six-month outcomes from the Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal Revascularization (CLEVER) study","volume":"125","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2536","article-title":"Effect of low-intensity vs high-intensity home-based walking exercise on walk distance in patients with peripheral artery disease: the LITE randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"McDermott","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","article-title":"2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318796625","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation: a preventable lifestyle disease","volume":"25","author":"Halle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000748","article-title":"Lifestyle and risk factor modification for reduction of atrial fibrillation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.488","article-title":"Impact of CARDIOrespiratory FITness on Arrhythmia Recurrence in Obese Individuals With Atrial Fibrillation: the CARDIO-FIT study","volume":"66","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.03.002","article-title":"Long-term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY)","volume":"65","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.09.028","article-title":"Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study","volume":"64","author":"Pathak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euy117","article-title":"PREVEntion and regReSsive Effect of weight-loss and risk factor modification on Atrial Fibrillation: the REVERSE-AF study","volume":"20","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018220","article-title":"Aerobic interval training reduces the burden of atrial fibrillation in the short term: a randomized trial","volume":"133","author":"Malmo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.06.026","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation for patients treated for atrial fibrillation with ablation has long-term effects: 12-and 24-month follow-up results from the randomized CopenHeartRFA Trial","volume":"101","author":"Risom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037615","article-title":"Left atrial electromechanical remodeling following 2 years of high-intensity exercise training in sedentary middle-aged adults","volume":"139","author":"McNamara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab017","article-title":"EAPC core curriculum for preventive cardiology","volume":"29","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12","article-title":"2011 Compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American College of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735109722055401?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735109722055401?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T13:50:52Z","timestamp":1760017852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735109722055401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0735109722055401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exercise for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}