{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:52:12Z","timestamp":1791258732357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015250","name":"NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\/16\/3\/32175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/16\/3\/32175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T08:57:23Z","timestamp":1510822643000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Source-Sink Mismatch Causing Functional\u00a0Conduction Block in Re-Entrant Ventricular\u00a0Tachycardia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Ciaccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Coromilas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Garan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2016.12.003","article-title":"Trends in quantitative methods used for atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia analyses","volume":"6","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Informatics Med Unlocked"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00065-X","article-title":"Exploring postinfarction reentrant ventricular tachycardia with entrainment mapping","volume":"29","author":"Stevenson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.81.6.570","article-title":"Mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia with the aid of a non-contact mapping system","volume":"81","author":"Schilling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.60.6.879","article-title":"Endocardial, intramural, and epicardial activation patterns during sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in late canine myocardial infarction","volume":"60","author":"Garan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004462","article-title":"Formation of functional conduction block during the onset of reentrant ventricular tachycardia","volume":"9","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.72.3.596","article-title":"Electrophysiologic and anatomic basis for fractionated electrograms recorded from healed myocardial infarcts","volume":"72","author":"Gardner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.07.005","article-title":"Heterogeneous gap junction remodeling in reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone of the healing canine infarct","volume":"72","author":"Cabo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.655720","article-title":"Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia","volume":"115","author":"Stevenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq345","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and electroanatomical voltage mapping to assess post-infarct scar characteristics in patients with ventricular tachycardias: real-time image integration and reversed registration","volume":"32","author":"Wijnmaalen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.788604","article-title":"Irrigated radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by electroanatomic mapping for recurrent ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction","volume":"118","author":"Stevenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.12.062","article-title":"Isolated potentials during sinus rhythm and pace-mapping within scars as guides for ablation of post-infarction ventricular tachycardia","volume":"47","author":"Bogun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.4.308","article-title":"Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction","volume":"98","author":"Stevenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.66.5.1310","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias in the subacute myocardial infarction period. High-resolution activation and refractory patterns of reentrant rhythms","volume":"66","author":"Restivo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000019407.35848.AF","article-title":"Polymorphic reentrant ventricular tachycardia in the isolated rabbit heart studied by high-density mapping","volume":"105","author":"Boersma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.10.3721","article-title":"Mechanisms causing sustained ventricular tachycardia with multiple QRS morphologies: results of mapping studies in the infarcted canine heart","volume":"96","author":"Costeas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.03524.x","article-title":"Sinus rhythm electrogram shape measurements are predictive of the origins and characteristics of multiple reentrant ventricular tachycardia morphologies","volume":"15","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.158980","article-title":"Magnetic resonance-based anatomical analysis of scar-related ventricular tachycardia: implications for catheter ablation","volume":"101","author":"Ashikaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.4.1647","article-title":"Identification of reentry circuit sites during catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia late after myocardial infarction","volume":"88","author":"Stevenson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1995.tb00370.x","article-title":"Ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: from arrhythmia surgery to catheter ablation","volume":"6","author":"Stevenson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3101.092202","article-title":"Relationship between sinus rhythm activation and the reentrant ventricular tachycardia isthmus","volume":"104","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib21","first-page":"739","article-title":"Speed of spread of excitation in two-dimensional excitable medium","volume":"24","author":"Zykov","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(92)90071-T","article-title":"Excitation wave propagation within narrow pathways: geometric configurations facilitating unidirectional block and reentry","volume":"59","author":"Kogan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.75.6.1014","article-title":"Wavefront curvature as a cause of slow conduction and block in isolated cardiac muscle","volume":"75","author":"Cabo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(96)00216-7","article-title":"Role of wavefront curvature in propagation of cardiac impulse","volume":"33","author":"Fast","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2003","article-title":"Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias","volume":"84","author":"Kl\u00e9ber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.04.015","article-title":"Model of reentrant ventricular tachycardia based on infarct border zone geometry predicts reentrant circuit features as determined by activation mapping","volume":"4","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.02.026","article-title":"Genesis of complex fractionated atrial electrograms in zones of slow conduction: a computer model of microfibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Jacquemet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.48.1.39","article-title":"The discontinuous nature of propagation in normal canine cardiac muscle. Evidence for recurrent discontinuities of intracellular resistance that affect the membrane currents","volume":"48","author":"Spach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/23\/4\/310","article-title":"Computational framework for simulating the mechanisms and ECG of re-entrant ventricular fibrillation","volume":"23","author":"Clayton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(82)90292-2","article-title":"Electrophysiologic mapping to determine the mechanism of experimental ventricular tachycardia initiated by premature impulses. Experimental approach and initial results demonstrating reentrant excitation","volume":"49","author":"Wit","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.4.988","article-title":"Disturbed connexin43 gap junction distribution correlates with the location of reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone of healing canine infarcts that cause ventricular tachycardia","volume":"95","author":"Peters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2015.04.032","article-title":"Model of unidirectional block formation leading to reentrant ventricular tachycardia in the infarct border zone of postinfarction canine hearts","volume":"62","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.02.009","article-title":"Formation of reentrant circuits in the mid-myocardial infarct border zone","volume":"71","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4101.097117","article-title":"Static relationship of cycle length to reentrant circuit geometry","volume":"104","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00715.x","article-title":"Quatrefoil reentry in myocardium: an optical imaging study of the induction mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2005.40690.x","article-title":"Ventricular tachycardia duration and form are associated with electrical discontinuities bounding the core of the reentrant circuit","volume":"16","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2005.00167.x","article-title":"Multichannel data acquisition system for mapping the electrical activity of the heart","volume":"28","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-007-9350-6","article-title":"Geodesic based registration of sensor data and anatomical surface image data","volume":"35","author":"Hopenfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLeod RS, Johnson CR. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 15th Annual International Conference. Map3d: Interactive scientific visualization for bioengineering data. New York, NY: IEEE Press. 1993:30\u20131.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.1993.978414"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.889311","article-title":"Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced multidetector CT for anatomic, dynamic, and perfusion characterization of abnormal myocardium to guide ventricular tachycardia ablations","volume":"3","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000840","article-title":"Model of bipolar electrogram fractionation and conduction block associated with activation wavefront direction at infarct border zone lateral isthmus boundaries","volume":"7","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H372","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00512.2002","article-title":"Electrical remodeling of the epicardial border zone in the canine infarcted heart: a computational analysis","volume":"284","author":"Cabo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib43","first-page":"III279","article-title":"Pseudo-block caused by anisotropic conduction: A new mechanism for sustained reentry (abstr)","volume":"72","author":"Dillon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib44","first-page":"703","article-title":"Massive accumulation of myofibroblasts in the critical isthmus is associated with ventricular tachycardia inducibility in post-infarct swine heart","volume":"3","author":"Dhanjal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol EP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.03.062","article-title":"Detection of the diastolic pathway, circuit morphology, and inducibility of human postinfarction ventricular tachycardia from mapping in sinus rhythm","volume":"5","author":"Ciaccio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"}],"container-title":["JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405500X17307090?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405500X17307090?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T07:24:36Z","timestamp":1762500276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405500X17307090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405500X17307090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-500X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-500X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Source-Sink Mismatch Causing Functional\u00a0Conduction Block in Re-Entrant Ventricular\u00a0Tachycardia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.08.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}