{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:10:19Z","timestamp":1790644219671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T13:59:49Z","timestamp":1681912789000},"page":"1196-1206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac\u00a0Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Praloy","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-0193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassem","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny S.","family":"Po","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis A.","family":"Armoundas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4370-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Stavrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316340","article-title":"Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in the 21st century","volume":"127","author":"Kornej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.016","article-title":"Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation the search for substrate-driven endpoints","volume":"55","author":"Katritsis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000018443.44005.D8","article-title":"Autonomic tone variations before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"105","author":"Bettoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.02.012","article-title":"Triggered firing in pulmonary veins initiated by in\u00a0vitro autonomic nerve stimulation","volume":"2","author":"Patterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.11.008","article-title":"Experimental model for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation arising at the pulmonary vein\u2013atrial junctions","volume":"3","author":"Po","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.057","article-title":"Autonomically induced conversion of pulmonary vein focal firing into atrial fibrillation","volume":"45","author":"Scherlag","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303772","article-title":"Role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib8","first-page":"425","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation","volume":"3","author":"Nattel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol EP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.107.754564","article-title":"Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and implications","volume":"1","author":"Nattel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-1058","article-title":"Metabolic considerations in atrial fibrillation- mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"81","author":"Harada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-005-0501-1","article-title":"Metabolic alterations in rat myocardium in experimental acute atrial fibrillation","volume":"140","author":"Kondrat\u2019ev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H639","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00445.2006","article-title":"Spontaneous atrial fibrillation initiated by triggered activity near the pulmonary veins in aged rats subjected to glycolytic inhibition","volume":"292","author":"Ono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.018028","article-title":"Continuous low-level vagus nerve stimulation reduces stellate ganglion nerve activity and paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias in ambulatory canines","volume":"123","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.034","article-title":"Prevention and reversal of atrial fibrillation inducibility and autonomic remodeling by low-level vagosympathetic nerve stimulation","volume":"57","author":"Sheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib15","first-page":"467","article-title":"Autonomic modulation of cardiac arrhythmias: methods to assess treatment and outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol EP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of the autonomic ganglia in atrial fibrillation","volume":"1","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol EP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib17","first-page":"282","article-title":"TREAT AF (Transcutaneous Electrical Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Suppress Atrial Fibrillation): a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol EP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.11.019","article-title":"Low-level transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve: a noninvasive approach to treat the initial phase of atrial fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.302095","article-title":"Cardiac metabolism and its interactions with contraction, growth, and survival of cardiomyocytes","volume":"113","author":"Kolwicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.2.247","article-title":"Ventricular energetics","volume":"70","author":"Suga","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.36.030174.002213","article-title":"Relationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the energy balance of heart muscle","volume":"36","author":"Neely","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00006.2004","article-title":"Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart","volume":"85","author":"Stanley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14315","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007562107","article-title":"Spatio-temporal oscillations of individual mitochondria in cardiac myocytes reveal modulation of synchronized mitochondrial clusters","volume":"107","author":"Kurz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000748","article-title":"Lifestyle and risk factor modification for reduction of atrial fibrillation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00812.x","article-title":"Metabolic flexibility and obesity in children and youth","volume":"12","author":"Aucouturier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00135","article-title":"The association between diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation: clinical and mechanistic insights","volume":"10","author":"Bohne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00068","article-title":"Loss of metabolic flexibility in the failing heart","volume":"5","author":"Karwi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.306226","article-title":"Metabolic flexibility and dysfunction in cardiovascular cells","volume":"35","author":"Vallerie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8291","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158291","article-title":"Metabolic inflexibility as a pathogenic basis for atrial fibrillation","volume":"23","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw007","article-title":"Atrial metabolism and tissue perfusion as determinants of electrical and structural remodelling in atrial fibrillation","volume":"109","author":"Opacic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.01.040","article-title":"Mitochondrial networks in cardiac myocytes reveal dynamic coupling behavior","volume":"108","author":"Kurz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48085","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405510200","article-title":"Cardiac expression of kinase-deficient 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase\/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase inhibits glycolysis, promotes hypertrophy, impairs myocyte function, and reduces insulin sensitivity","volume":"279","author":"Donthi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006870419309","article-title":"Glucose and glycogen utilisation in myocardial ischemia\u2014changes in metabolism and consequences for the myocyte","volume":"180","author":"King","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(94)90022-1","article-title":"Inhibition of glycolytic enzymes by endogenous aldehydes: a possible relation to diabetic neuropathies","volume":"1226","author":"Novotny","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115361","article-title":"Glycolytic inhibition and calcium overload as consequences of exogenously generated free radicals in rabbit hearts","volume":"88","author":"Corretti","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00725-X","article-title":"Glycolytic pathway intermediates activate cardiac ryanodine receptors","volume":"431","author":"Kermode","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.078782","article-title":"Modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release by glycolysis in cat atrial myocytes","volume":"564","author":"Kockskamper","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000165480.82737.33","article-title":"Reprogramming of the human atrial transcriptome in permanent atrial fibrillation","volume":"96","author":"Barth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.055","article-title":"Regulating the Warburg effect on metabolic stress and myocardial fibrosis remodeling and atrial intracardiac waveform activity induced by atrial fibrillation","volume":"516","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.702795","article-title":"Metabolic mechanisms in heart failure","volume":"116","author":"Ashrafian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.05.016","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a study based on the analysis of RR interval changes before, during and after paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"25","author":"Lombardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.905209","article-title":"Sympathetic and parasympathetic coactivation induces perturbed heart rate dynamics in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"24","author":"Eickholt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.10.005","article-title":"Iodine-123 mIBG imaging for predicting the development of atrial fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Akutsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol Img"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1328","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00249.2019","article-title":"Increased arrhythmia susceptibility in type 2 diabetic mice related to dysregulation of ventricular sympathetic innervation","volume":"317","author":"Jungen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14155","article-title":"Disruption of cardiac cholinergic neurons enhances susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"8","author":"Jungen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs079","article-title":"The multidimensional role of calcium in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"33","author":"Nattel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2005","article-title":"Molecular physiology of cardiac repolarization","volume":"85","author":"Nerbonne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000065578.00869.7C","article-title":"Reinduction of atrial fibrillation immediately after termination of the arrhythmia is mediated by late phase 3 early afterdepolarization\u2013induced triggered activity","volume":"107","author":"Burashnikov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib49","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and pulmonary veins: relationships between clinical forms and automatic versus re-entrant mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Nattel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)90287-2","article-title":"Electrophysiologic effects of epinephrine in humans","volume":"11","author":"Morady","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.22.3.315","article-title":"Patterns of sympathetic nerve projections onto the canine heart","volume":"22","author":"Randall","year":"1968","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1958.194.2.406","article-title":"Nonuniform distribution of vagal effects on the atrial refractory period","volume":"194","author":"Alessi","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.10.1185","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation produced by prolonged rapid atrial pacing is associated with heterogeneous changes in atrial sympathetic innervation","volume":"101","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.23.2608","article-title":"Heterogeneous atrial denervation creates substrate for sustained atrial fibrillation","volume":"98","author":"Olgin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib55","first-page":"H805","article-title":"Differing sympathetic and vagal effects on atrial fibrillation in dogs: role of refractoriness heterogeneity","volume":"273","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.04.013","article-title":"Shift in the pattern of autonomic atrial innervation in subjects with persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"8","author":"Deneke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib57","article-title":"Metoprolol prevents chronic obstructive sleep apnea-induced atrial fibrillation by inhibiting structural, sympathetic nervous and metabolic remodeling of the atria","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00447.x","article-title":"Evidence for increased atrial sympathetic innervation in persistent human atrial fibrillation","volume":"29","author":"Gould","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00264","article-title":"Targeting cardiac \u03b2-adrenergic signaling via GRK2 inhibition for heart failure therapy","volume":"4","author":"Cannavo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1159\/000339031","article-title":"Upregulation of \u03b23-adrenergic receptors contributes to atrial structural remodeling in rapid pacing induced atrial fibrillation canines","volume":"30","author":"Sheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.09.030","article-title":"Roles of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation in spontaneous atrial fibrillation in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Sharifov","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01039-1","article-title":"Heart rate variability and early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion","volume":"37","author":"Lombardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib63","first-page":"175","article-title":"[Heart rate variability: a cardiometabolic risk marker with public health implications]","volume":"197","author":"Marsac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eul063","article-title":"Heart rate variability in an ageing population and its association with lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors: results of the SAPALDIA study","volume":"8","author":"Felber Dietrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248415590440","article-title":"\u03b23-Adrenoceptor impairs mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism during rapid atrial pacing-induced atrial fibrillation","volume":"21","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovas Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1159\/000356599","article-title":"\u03b23-Adrenoceptor mediates metabolic protein remodeling in a rabbit model of tachypacing-induced atrial fibrillation","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1159\/000438647","article-title":"The \u03b23 adrenergic receptor agonist brl37344 exacerbates atrial structural remodeling through iNOS uncoupling in canine models of atrial fibrillation","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01043.x","article-title":"Myocardial oxidative stress contributes to transgenic \u03b22-adrenoceptor activation-induced cardiomyopathy and heart failure","volume":"162","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01231-8","article-title":"Activation of the cardiac nonneuronal cholinergic system prevents the development of diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications","volume":"20","author":"Saw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-020-00787-6","article-title":"Nonneuronal cardiac acetylcholine system playing indispensable roles in cardiac homeostasis confers resiliency to the heart","volume":"71","author":"Oikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.02.065","article-title":"Acetylcholine from vagal stimulation protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia and hypoxia involving additive nonhypoxic induction of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"579","author":"Kakinuma","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050761","article-title":"A\u00a0non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system plays a protective role in myocardium salvage during ischemic insults","volume":"7","author":"Kakinuma","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14311","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114311","article-title":"Protection against ischemia-induced oxidative stress conferred by vagal stimulation in the rat heart: involvement of the AMPK-PKC pathway","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvm092","article-title":"Modulation of the myocardial redox state by vagal nerve stimulation after experimental myocardial infarction","volume":"77","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3380717","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: an ultrasensitive system for monitoring cellular energy charge","volume":"338","author":"Hardie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.04.056","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation activates AMP-dependent protein kinase and its regulation of cellular calcium handling: potential role in metabolic adaptation and prevention of progression","volume":"66","author":"Harada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.03.025","article-title":"Linking cellular energy state to atrial fibrillation pathogenesis: potential role of adenosine monophosphate\u2013activated protein kinase","volume":"17","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib79","article-title":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-014-0123-x","article-title":"Association of metformin with lower atrial fibrillation risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based dynamic cohort and in\u00a0vitro studies","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155160","article-title":"Metformin and the heart: update on mechanisms of cardiovascular protection with special reference to comorbid type 2 diabetes and heart failure","volume":"130","author":"Schernthaner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104215","article-title":"Cardiorenal protection of SGLT2 inhibitors\u2014perspectives from metabolic reprogramming","volume":"83","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7303096","article-title":"Metformin and its sulfenamide prodrugs inhibit human cholinesterase activity","volume":"2017","author":"Markowicz-Piasecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-546-P","article-title":"Effects of metformin on heart rate variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a secondary analysis of a randomized crossover-controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01127-z","article-title":"Effects of empagliflozin versus placebo on cardiac sympathetic activity in acute myocardial infarction patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the EMBODY trial","volume":"19","author":"Shimizu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl484","article-title":"Prevention of atrial fibrillation onset by beta-blocker treatment in heart failure: a meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Abi Nasr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2165\/00129784-200202010-00005","article-title":"Use of beta-blockers in atrial fibrillation","volume":"2","author":"K\u00fchlkamp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.83883","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is reduced after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"16","author":"Jungen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.784272","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation: autonomic mechanism for atrial electrical remodeling induced by short-term rapid atrial pacing","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp194","article-title":"Autonomic mechanism for initiation of rapid firing from atria and pulmonary veins: evidence by ablation of ganglionated plexi","volume":"84","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.053","article-title":"Autonomic denervation added to pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Katritsis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.036","article-title":"Ganglion plexus ablation in advanced atrial fibrillation: the AFACT study","volume":"68","author":"Driessen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-017-0285-z","article-title":"Efficacy of ganglionated plexi ablation in addition to pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal versus persistent atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"50","author":"Kampaktsis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euq014","article-title":"Ganglionated plexi ablation for longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Pokushalov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.15420\/aer2017.26.1","article-title":"Ganglionated plexi ablation: physiology and clinical applications","volume":"6","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000799","article-title":"Ablation of epicardial ganglionated plexi increases atrial vulnerability to arrhythmias in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.114.002554","article-title":"Long-term effects of ganglionated plexi ablation on electrophysiological characteristics and neuron remodeling in target atrial tissues in a canine model","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab172","article-title":"Neuroscientific therapies for atrial fibrillation","volume":"117","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515116637734","article-title":"Effects of yoga in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation\u2014a randomized controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Wahlstrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib100","first-page":"330","article-title":"Chronic intermittent low-level stimulation of tragus reduces cardiac autonomic remodeling and ventricular arrhythmia inducibility in a post-infarction canine model","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol EP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.01.030","article-title":"Paradoxical long-term proarrhythmic effects after ablating the \u201chead station\u201d ganglionated plexi of the vagal innervation to the heart","volume":"10","author":"Lo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib102","first-page":"929","article-title":"Low-level vagus nerve stimulation suppresses post-operative atrial fibrillation and inflammation: a randomized study","volume":"3","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol EP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab023","article-title":"Regulation of systemic metabolism by the autonomic nervous system consisting of afferent and efferent innervation","volume":"34","author":"Imai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-0770(05)80055-2","article-title":"Left-sided stellate ganglion ablation or \u201crate-controlled\u201c vagal nerve stimulation decreases regional myocardial metabolic impairment during acute ischemia in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Sidi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.4022\/jafib.2408","article-title":"Impact of yoga on cardiac autonomic function and arrhythmias","volume":"13","author":"Akella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Atr Fibrillation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322174111","article-title":"Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans","volume":"111","author":"Kox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405500X23001172?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405500X23001172?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T07:32:31Z","timestamp":1762500751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405500X23001172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405500X23001172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-500X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-500X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac\u00a0Metabolism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.02.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}