{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:16:37Z","timestamp":1793952997751,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacionline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T13:08:06Z","timestamp":1603112886000},"page":"1683-1691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Developmental patterns in the nasopharyngeal microbiome during infancy are associated with asthma risk"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Howard H.F.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Mei","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Gangnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine E.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Vrtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick G.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert F.","family":"Lemanske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Inouye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Gern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6705e1","article-title":"Vital signs: asthma in children - United States, 2001-2016","volume":"67","author":"Zahran","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4978","article-title":"Association of bacteria and viruses with wheezy episodes in young children: prospective birth cohort study","volume":"341","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.005","article-title":"Airway microbiota dynamics uncover a critical window for interplay of pathogenic bacteria and allergy in childhood respiratory disease","volume":"24","author":"Teo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.030","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic bacteria during rhinovirus infection is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations","volume":"133","author":"Kloepfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.027","article-title":"Association of rhinovirus species with common cold and asthma symptoms and bacterial pathogens","volume":"141","author":"Bashir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.038","article-title":"Community acquired rhinovirus infection is associated with changes in the airway microbiome","volume":"140","author":"Kloepfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.008","article-title":"The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development","volume":"17","author":"Teo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0220OC","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal microbiota, host transcriptome, and disease severity in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"194","author":"de Steenhuijsen Piters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw456","article-title":"Differences in the nasopharyngeal microbiome during acute respiratory tract infection with human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in infancy","volume":"214","author":"Rosas-Salazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.669","article-title":"Early-life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma","volume":"119","author":"Kusel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0660OC","article-title":"Evidence for a causal relationship between allergic sensitization and rhinovirus wheezing in early life","volume":"185","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12989-7","article-title":"Infant airway microbiota and topical immune perturbations in the origins of childhood asthma","volume":"10","author":"Thorsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.034","article-title":"Temporal association of the development of oropharyngeal microbiota with early life wheeze in a population-based birth cohort","volume":"46","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.043","article-title":"Severe bronchiolitis profiles and risk of recurrent wheeze by age 3 years","volume":"143","author":"Dumas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0663-y","article-title":"Minimally invasive sampling method identifies differences in taxonomic richness of nasal microbiomes in young infants associated with mode of delivery","volume":"71","author":"Shilts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1240OC","article-title":"Early respiratory microbiota composition determines bacterial succession patterns and respiratory health in children","volume":"190","author":"Biesbroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0554OC","article-title":"Maturation of the infant respiratory microbiota, environmental drivers, and health consequences. a prospective cohort study","volume":"196","author":"Bosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.01.036","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus severe bronchiolitis are associated with distinct nasopharyngeal microbiota","volume":"137","author":"Mansbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201207-1297OC","article-title":"Pathogenic bacteria colonizing the airways in asymptomatic neonates stimulates topical inflammatory mediator release","volume":"187","author":"Folsgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"suppl\u00a015","key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.8.x","article-title":"The childhood origins of asthma (COAST) study","volume":"13","author":"Lemanske","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.06.024","article-title":"Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing","volume":"116","author":"Lemanske","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.049","article-title":"Early life rhinovirus wheezing, allergic sensitization, and asthma risk at adolescence","volume":"139","author":"Rubner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC","article-title":"Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children","volume":"178","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.024","article-title":"Fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurements are most closely associated with allergic sensitization in school-age children","volume":"124","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.026","article-title":"Expression patterns of atopic eczema and respiratory illnesses in a high-risk birth cohort","volume":"125","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib26","unstructured":"QIIME 2. 2018. Home page. Available at: https:\/\/qiime2.org\/. Accessed December 18, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.031","article-title":"Assessment of wheezing frequency and viral etiology on childhood and adolescent asthma risk","volume":"139","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00075-14","article-title":"Improved molecular\u00a0typing\u00a0assay for rhinovirus species A, B, and C","volume":"52","author":"Bochkov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i01","article-title":"FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis","volume":"25","author":"L\u00ea","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib32","unstructured":"Generalized estimation equation solver. 2015. Available at: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/gee\/index.html. Accessed December 18, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201202-0330OC","article-title":"Human rhinovirus species and season of infection determine illness severity","volume":"186","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis504","article-title":"Comparison of the etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in inner-city and suburban infants","volume":"206","author":"Gern","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4176","article-title":"Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multisensitized atopy and T cell differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Fujimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab2271","article-title":"Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma","volume":"7","author":"Arrieta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.029","article-title":"Skin microbiome before development of atopic dermatitis: early colonization with commensal staphylococci at 2 months is associated with a lower risk of atopic dermatitis at 1 year","volume":"139","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13331","article-title":"Different functional genes of upper airway microbiome associated with natural course of childhood asthma","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.052","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus colonization is associated with wheeze and asthma among US children and young adults","volume":"135","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00104-12","article-title":"Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins","volume":"26","author":"Spaulding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12655","article-title":"Staphylococcus delta-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells","volume":"503","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.09.002","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus membrane and diacylated lipopeptide induce thymic stromal lymphopoietin in keratinocytes through the Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 pathway","volume":"126","author":"Vu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.06.019","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin modulates skin host response to viral infection","volume":"130","author":"Bin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1656","article-title":"Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy259","article-title":"Application of an agr-specific antivirulence compound as therapy for Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammatory skin disease","volume":"218","author":"Baldry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.01.010","article-title":"Food allergy is associated with Staphylococcus aureus colonization in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"137","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.019","article-title":"Early-life formation of the microbial and immunological environment of the human airways. cell host microbe","volume":"24","author":"Pattaroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0384","article-title":"Association of rhinovirus C bronchiolitis and immunoglobulin E sensitization during infancy with development of recurrent wheeze","volume":"173","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052632","article-title":"Childhood asthma after bacterial colonization of the airway in neonates","volume":"357","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.049","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal Lactobacillus is associated with a reduced risk of childhood wheezing illnesses following acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy","volume":"142","author":"Rosas-Salazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0347-8","article-title":"Transcriptome networks identify mechanisms of viral and nonviral asthma exacerbations in children","volume":"20","author":"Altman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"suppl\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201306-163MG","article-title":"The\u00a0airway\u00a0microbiome in severe asthma","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091674920314160?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091674920314160?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T09:29:50Z","timestamp":1758792590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0091674920314160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0091674920314160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6749","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Developmental patterns in the nasopharyngeal microbiome during infancy are associated with asthma risk","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}