{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:53:27Z","timestamp":1790229207873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE11CD000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE11CD000002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME-2022C2-25573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-2022C2-25573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI164100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI164100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM114355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM114355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MD017816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD017816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007723","name":"Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001245","name":"Jeffrey Modell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacionline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T12:46:17Z","timestamp":1739537177000},"page":"81-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluating large language model performance to support the diagnosis and management of patients with primary immune disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas L.","family":"Rider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron T.","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel V.","family":"DiGiacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cullen","family":"Dutmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn R.","family":"Farmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guergana","family":"Savova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Sing","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.14217","article-title":"Creation and adoption of large language models in medicine","volume":"330","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib2","article-title":"Evaluating the adherence of large language models to surgical guidelines: a comparative analysis of chatbot recommendations and North American Spine Society (NASS) coverage criteria","volume":"16","author":"Sarikonda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2024.111756","article-title":"Enhancing chatbot performance for imaging recommendations: leveraging GPT-4 and context-awareness for trustworthy clinical guidance","volume":"181","author":"Rau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/53297","article-title":"Triage performance across large language models, ChatGPT, and untrained doctors in emergency medicine: comparative study","volume":"26","author":"Masanneck","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000604","article-title":"Performance of publicly available large language models on internal medicine board-style questions","volume":"3","author":"Tarabanis","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/57001","article-title":"Assessing and optimizing large language models on spondyloarthritis multi-choice question answering: protocol for enhancement and assessment","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2024.03.011","article-title":"Harnessing artificial intelligence in bariatric surgery: comparative analysis of ChatGPT-4, Bing, and Bard in generating clinician-level bariatric surgery recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjad007","article-title":"The performance of artificial intelligence chatbot large language models to address skeletal biology and bone health queries","volume":"39","author":"Cung","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/49324","article-title":"Large language models for therapy recommendations across 3 clinical specialties: comparative study","volume":"25","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58760-x","article-title":"Assessing ChatGPT 4.0\u2019s test performance and clinical diagnostic accuracy on USMLE STEP 2 CK and clinical case reports","volume":"14","author":"Shieh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06805-6","article-title":"Development of a clinical reasoning documentation assessment tool for resident and fellow admission notes: a shared mental model for feedback","volume":"37","author":"Schaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0295","article-title":"Clinical reasoning of a generative artificial intelligence model compared with physicians","volume":"184","author":"Cabral","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib13","article-title":"Emergent abilities of large language models","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib14","article-title":"Mistral 7B","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib15","article-title":"Mixtral of experts","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib16","article-title":"The Llama 3 herd of models","author":"Dubey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib21","article-title":"OpenAI o1-Preview vs. ChatGPT in healthcare: a new frontier in medical AI reasoning","volume":"16","author":"Temsah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001898","article-title":"GPT-4o is more like a real person: potentials in surgical oncology","volume":"111","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2024.101979","article-title":"Can ChatGPT-4o provide new systematic review ideas to oral and maxillofacial surgeons?","volume":"125","author":"Balel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/48023","article-title":"Accuracy of ChatGPT on medical questions in the National Medical Licensing Examination in Japan: evaluation study","volume":"7","author":"Yanagita","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib25","first-page":"12","article-title":"Family physician perspectives on primary immunodeficiency diseases","volume":"3","author":"Orange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.011","article-title":"Validating inborn error of immunity prevalence and risk with nationally representative electronic health record data","volume":"153","author":"Rider","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01289-3","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity: 2022 update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"42","author":"Tangye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib28","article-title":"A survey of hallucination in large foundation models","author":"Rawte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib29","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence reproducibility and consensus","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.005","article-title":"A validated artificial intelligence-based pipeline for population-wide primary immunodeficiency screening","volume":"151","author":"Rider","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00070","article-title":"Calculation of a primary immunodeficiency \u201crisk vital sign\u201d via population-wide analysis of claims data to aid in clinical decision support","volume":"7","author":"Rider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade4510","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade4510","article-title":"Electronic health record signatures identify undiagnosed patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00958-w","article-title":"A study of generative large language model for medical research and healthcare","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21700","article-title":"Testing and evaluation of health care applications of large language models: a systematic review","volume":"333","author":"Bedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.906540","article-title":"Global expansion of Jeffrey\u2019s Insights: Jeffrey Modell Foundation\u2019s genetic sequencing program for primary immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Quinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52415-1","article-title":"Evaluating the use of large language models to provide clinical recommendations in the emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.09.036","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in early mortality among patients with inborn errors of immunity","volume":"153","author":"Ong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.08.019","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in the research and care of hereditary angioedema patients in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Sylvestre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091674925001666?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091674925001666?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:34:42Z","timestamp":1778142882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0091674925001666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0091674925001666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6749","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluating large language model performance to support the diagnosis and management of patients with primary immune disorders","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}