{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:10:05Z","timestamp":1778883005801,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacionline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T15:56:10Z","timestamp":1753113370000},"page":"1379-1389.e10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of nasal and inhaled corticosteroids on SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6644-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Rosas-Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tebeb","family":"Gebretsadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max A.","family":"Seibold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Arbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard B.","family":"Bacharier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Brunwasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Carlos A.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn T.","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Gruchalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruchi S.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meyer","family":"Kattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurjit K.","family":"Khurana Hershey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Phipatanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sima K.","family":"Ramratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc E.","family":"Rothenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satria P.","family":"Sajuthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Seroogy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittney M.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Stelzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Teach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Zoratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alkis","family":"Togias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Fulkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina V.","family":"Hartert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00359-2","article-title":"The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"14","author":"Gallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103841","article-title":"Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines: from bench to bed","volume":"76","author":"Alu","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.007","article-title":"Rhinitis 2020: A practice parameter update","volume":"146","author":"Dykewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-023-00330-1","article-title":"Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update","volume":"33","author":"Levy","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes","volume":"26","author":"Sungnak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202111-2547PP","article-title":"Susceptibility of patients with airway disease to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"206","author":"Conway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.571","article-title":"Nasal immune gene expression in response to azelastine and fluticasone propionate combination or monotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Watts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00125404","article-title":"Corticosteroid effects on cell signalling","volume":"27","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0821OC","article-title":"COVID-19-related genes in sputum cells in asthma. relationship to demographic features and corticosteroids","volume":"202","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae077","article-title":"Human Epidemiology and Response to SARS-CoV-2 (HEROS): objectives, design, and enrollment results of a 12-city remote observational surveillance study of households with children, using direct-to-participant methods","volume":"193","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.05.014","article-title":"Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in households with children with asthma and allergy: a prospective surveillance study","volume":"150","author":"Seibold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483","article-title":"International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods","volume":"8","author":"Asher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"341","key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC growth charts: United States","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313","article-title":"Making neighborhood-disadvantage metrics accessible\u2014The Neighborhood Atlas","volume":"378","author":"Kind","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib19","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.655666","article-title":"Fluticasone propionate suppresses poly(I:C)-induced ACE2 in primary human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Nakazono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.004","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation modulates ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in airway epithelial cells","volume":"146","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.051","article-title":"Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and coincident host response signature varies by asthma inflammatory phenotype","volume":"146","author":"Camiolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.02.021","article-title":"The relationship between asthma, eosinophilia, and outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 infection","volume":"127","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.03.021","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication in the airway epithelium in allergic asthma through functional alteration of ciliated epithelial cells","volume":"152","author":"Doni Jayavelu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0364OC","article-title":"The type 2 asthma mediator IL-13 inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection of bronchial epithelium","volume":"66","author":"Bonser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.09.005","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and asthma: what we have learned and what is still unknown","volume":"152","author":"McPhee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.08.007","article-title":"Intranasal corticosteroids are associated with better outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"9","author":"Strauss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068060","article-title":"Inhaled and intranasal ciclesonide for the treatment of covid-19 in adult outpatients: CONTAIN phase II randomised controlled trial","volume":"375","author":"Ezer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-021-00235-1","article-title":"Evaluation of effects of chronic nasal steroid use on rhinological symptoms of COVID-19 with SNOT-22 questionnaire","volume":"73","author":"Islek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.06.026","article-title":"Intranasal steroid use and COVID-19 mortality among patients with asthma and COPD: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"131","author":"Hernandez Santiago","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa556","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): what do we know about children? A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003032","article-title":"Type 2 immunity and age modify gene expression of coronavirus-induced disease 2019 receptors in eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"72","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.009","article-title":"Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2","volume":"146","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30026-1","article-title":"Early epidemiological analysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak based on crowdsourced data: a population-level observational study","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib35","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Griesel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02921-2021","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids for outpatients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14212","article-title":"Pharmacology, particle deposition and drug administration techniques of intranasal corticosteroids for treating allergic rhinitis","volume":"52","author":"Rollema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342060-00003","article-title":"Deposition and effects of inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"42","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009167492500778X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009167492500778X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:29:52Z","timestamp":1778880592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S009167492500778X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S009167492500778X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6749","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of nasal and inhaled corticosteroids on SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}