{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:01:28Z","timestamp":1793059288785,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","lipidjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Lipidology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:18:24Z","timestamp":1771229904000},"page":"26-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"S","title":["The association of obesity with cardiovascular disease risk and risk-enhancing factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2804-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodis D.","family":"Paparodis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Bantouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarantis","family":"Livadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8901-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholaos","family":"Angelopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01565-9","article-title":"Providing a common language for obesity: the European Association for the Study of Obesity obesity taxonomy","volume":"49","author":"Bowman-Busato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.011","article-title":"Obesity: pathophysiology and management","volume":"71","author":"Gadde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12959","article-title":"Phenotypic differences between people varying in muscularity","volume":"13","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00316-4","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity","volume":"13","author":"Rubino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.04.001","article-title":"Obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease: a joint expert review from the Obesity Medicine Association and the National Lipid Association 2024","volume":"18","author":"Bays","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib114","unstructured":"Shuzi Inohue PZ, Ian C, James P. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/206936: World Health Organization; 2000. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/206936\/0957708211_eng.pdf. Accessed on February 15, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848","article-title":"Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0009","series-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960-1962 through 2017-2018","author":"Fryar","year":"2021"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab454","article-title":"Association between adiposity and cardiovascular outcomes: an umbrella review and meta-analysis of observational and Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711412039","article-title":"Relationships between body mass index, cardiovascular mortality, and risk factors: a report from the SCORE investigators","volume":"18","author":"Dudina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-1273-y","article-title":"Association between obesity and cardiovascular outcomes: updated evidence from meta-analysis studies","volume":"22","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.07.054","article-title":"Effect of moderate diet-induced weight loss and weight regain on cardiovascular structure and function","volume":"54","author":"de las Fuentes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1212914","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes","volume":"369","author":"Wing","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.029","article-title":"HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and cholesteryl ester transfer are associated with body mass, but are not changed by diet-induced weight loss: a randomized trial in abdominally obese men","volume":"274","author":"Talbot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1159\/000442721","article-title":"European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults","volume":"8","author":"Yumuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E875","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.191707","article-title":"Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"192","author":"Wharton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"issue":"25 Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"63","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S381652","article-title":"Use of Contrave, naltrexone with bupropion, bupropion, or naltrexone and major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30249-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"7","author":"Kristensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30422-X","article-title":"Association of glucose-lowering medications with cardiovascular outcomes: an umbrella review and evidence map","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0023","article-title":"A Review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-1490","article-title":"Newer pharmacologic treatments in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis for the American college of physicians","volume":"177","author":"Drake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01707-4","article-title":"Tirzepatide cardiovascular event risk assessment: a pre-specified meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Sattar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02203-4","article-title":"Evidence that tirzepatide protects against diabetes-related cardiac damages","volume":"23","author":"Taktaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103568","article-title":"Reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sutanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0028","article-title":"The effects of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular outcomes and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chandrakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S008","article-title":"8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: standards of care in diabetes\u20132025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00161-X","article-title":"Alarming rise in young-onset type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2544","article-title":"Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes in the U.S","volume":"30","author":"Narayan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3788","article-title":"Association between obesity and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mendelian randomization studies","volume":"1","author":"Riaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0034","article-title":"Anthropometric and adiposity indicators and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"376","author":"Jayedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.04.131","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of diagnosis and management, with special focus on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention","volume":"18","author":"Myerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02801-2","article-title":"Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with obesity: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"74","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i1.5","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"13","author":"Livadas","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112611","article-title":"Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Uusitupa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441801","article-title":"Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"344","author":"Tuomilehto","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","author":"Knowler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143156","article-title":"Effect of dietary approaches on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"15","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4743","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4743","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low and very low carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes remission: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomized trial data","volume":"372","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1518","article-title":"Prevention of type 2 diabetes in subjects with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome treated with phentermine and topiramate extended release","volume":"37","author":"Garvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10077","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30069-7","article-title":"3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial","volume":"389","author":"le Roux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410819","article-title":"Tirzepatide for obesity treatment and diabetes prevention","volume":"392","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20309","article-title":"A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR\/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II)","volume":"21","author":"Apovian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112082","article-title":"Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects","volume":"367","author":"Carlsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13030","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of bariatric surgeries in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.1026","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease","volume":"61","author":"Varbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.82","article-title":"Introducing a new component of the metabolic syndrome: low cholesterol absorption","volume":"72","author":"Simonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0051","article-title":"Effects of general and central adiposity on circulating lipoprotein, lipid, and metabolite levels in UK Biobank: a multivariable Mendelian randomization study","volume":"21","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0052","series-title":"2024 Annual Meeting of the European Society of Cardiology: European Society of Cardiology","article-title":"Cardiovascular Efficacy of Evolocumab in Patients with Obesity: updates from FOURIER Trial","author":"Kang","year":"2024"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.002","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"73","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000515381","article-title":"European guidelines for obesity management in adults with a very low-calorie ketogenic diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m696","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m696","article-title":"Comparison of dietary macronutrient patterns of 14 popular named dietary programmes for weight and cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"369","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-00142-z","article-title":"Effect of the ketogenic diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism in patients with T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123774","article-title":"The effect of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on weight loss and lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chawla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.094516","article-title":"Fasting and postprandial remnant-like particle cholesterol concentrations in obese participants are associated with plasma triglycerides, insulin resistance, and body fat distribution","volume":"138","author":"van Hees","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103020","article-title":"Safety and effects of anti-obesity medications on weight loss, cardiometabolic, and psychological outcomes in people living with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.12.038","article-title":"Changes in cardiovascular risk associated with phentermine and topiramate extended-release in participants with comorbidities and a body mass index \u226527 kg\/m(2)","volume":"111","author":"Davidson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2416394","article-title":"Tirzepatide as compared with Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity","volume":"393","author":"Aronne","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8435133","article-title":"The Effect of bariatric surgery on circulating levels of lipoprotein (a): a meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Jamialahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.06.018","article-title":"Efficacy and effects of bariatric surgery in the treatment of obesity: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Cosentino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.004","article-title":"Changes in lipid profile of obese patients following contemporary bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Heffron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2017.09.516","article-title":"Effects of bariatric surgery on glycemic and lipid metabolism, surgical complication and quality of life in adolescents with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2021.04.009","article-title":"Effects of bariatric surgery on patients with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.035","article-title":"Comparative analysis of weight loss and resolution of comorbidities between laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 18 studies","volume":"76","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010189","article-title":"Reduction in remnant cholesterol in obese individuals after bariatric surgery with gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy","volume":"17","author":"Aaseth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013262","article-title":"Associations of anthropometric adiposity indexes with hypertension risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis including PURE-China","volume":"97","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0071","article-title":"Association of different obesity patterns with hypertension in US male adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.14.3.173","article-title":"Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5049\/EBP.2013.11.2.46","article-title":"Obesity associated hypertension: new insights into mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrolyte Blood Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402111666150416124617","article-title":"Treatments for hypertension in type 2 diabetes-non-pharmacological and pharmacological measurements","volume":"11","author":"Masuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0075","first-page":"98","article-title":"Obesity\u2014a preventable disease","volume":"39","author":"Ofei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.94","article-title":"Hypertension and diabetes incidence: confounding factors","volume":"34","author":"Cicero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-020-00408-8","article-title":"Insulin resistance the hinge between hypertension and type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Mancusi","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0078","first-page":"575","article-title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Petrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0079","first-page":"143","article-title":"Impact of obesity and diabetes on arthritis: an update","volume":"5","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health (Irvine Calif)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.11.10.821","article-title":"Etiology and prevalence of hypertension in diabetic patients","volume":"11","author":"Simonson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000094221.86888.AE","article-title":"Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"42","author":"Neter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000576","article-title":"Impact of cognitive-behavioral interventions on weight loss and psychological outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14661","article-title":"Effect of weight loss on blood pressure changes in overweight patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e158","DOI":"10.1097\/AS9.0000000000000158","article-title":"Remission and relapse of hypertension after bariatric surgery: a retrospective study on long-term outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Fisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04640-9","article-title":"The role of bariatric surgery in hypertension control: a systematic review and meta-analysis with extended benefits on metabolic factors","volume":"25","author":"Dastjerdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2024.10.010","article-title":"Remission of hypertension after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass: a systematic review of randomized control trials","volume":"21","author":"Zevallos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000254119.99660.e7","article-title":"Prepregnancy body mass index and the occurrence of severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Bodnar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328345500c","article-title":"Associations of maternal obesity with blood pressure and the risks of gestational hypertensive disorders. The generation R study","volume":"29","author":"Gaillard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000059921.71494.D1","article-title":"Maternal body mass index and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic overview","volume":"14","author":"O'Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.027","article-title":"Weight loss prior to pregnancy and subsequent gestational weight gain: prepare, a randomized clinical trial","volume":"224","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2025.03.013","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use during the first trimester in pregnant women with type 2 diabetes","volume":"246","author":"Hanif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.01.011","article-title":"A meta-analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy after bariatric surgery","volume":"130","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0093","article-title":"Association of overweight and obesity with obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Zhiyong Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity Medicine"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14039","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205288","article-title":"Association of modifiable risk factors with obstructive sleep apnea: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0095","first-page":"57","article-title":"Associations between type of bariatric surgery and obstructive sleep apnoea, employment outcomes, and body image satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Leyaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200805-669OC","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention with weight reduction: first-line treatment in mild obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"179","author":"Tuomilehto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.8212","article-title":"Effect of an interdisciplinary weight loss and lifestyle intervention on obstructive sleep apnea severity: the INTERAPNEA randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Carneiro-Barrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404881","article-title":"Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity","volume":"391","author":"Malhotra","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14265","article-title":"Effect of multilevel upper airway surgery vs medical management on the apnea-hypopnea index and patient-reported daytime sleepiness among patients with moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea: the sams randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"MacKay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.02.008","article-title":"Waist circumference and body surface area and the risk of developing new-onset atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"72","author":"Shojaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1110424","article-title":"Association between cardiovascular risk factors and atrial fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2018.76.2","article-title":"Obesity and atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, pathophysiology and novel therapeutic opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Vyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf257","article-title":"Reduction of new onset of atrial fibrillation in patients treated with semaglutide: an updated systematic review and meta regression analysis of randomized controlled trials","author":"Cesaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.940","article-title":"Bariatric surgery and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in swedish obese subjects","volume":"68","author":"Jamaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00375-0","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity: criteria, epidemiology, controversies, and consequences","volume":"9","author":"Tsatsoulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.01.003","article-title":"Transition from metabolically benign to metabolically unhealthy obesity and 10-year cardiovascular disease incidence: the ATTICA cohort study","volume":"93","author":"Kouvari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12198","article-title":"The prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity: a systematic review and critical evaluation of the definitions used","volume":"15","author":"Rey-L\u00f3pez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.008","article-title":"Role of physical activity and fitness in the characterization and prognosis of the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Ortega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8838","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008838","article-title":"The prevalence, metabolic risk and effects of lifestyle intervention for metabolically healthy obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis: a PRISMA-compliant article","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102635","article-title":"Metabolically unhealthy phenotype in normal weight population and risk of mortality and major adverse cardiac events: a meta-analysis of 41 prospective cohort studies","volume":"16","author":"Putra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00858-7","article-title":"Normal weight obesity and unaddressed cardiometabolic health risk-a narrative review","volume":"45","author":"Wijayatunga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Lipidology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1933287425003824?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1933287425003824?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:51:04Z","timestamp":1771231864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1933287425003824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1933287425003824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-2874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-2874","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The association of obesity with cardiovascular disease risk and risk-enhancing factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Lipidology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.08.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 National Lipid Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}