{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:50:41Z","timestamp":1790369441860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T08:11:52Z","timestamp":1740816712000},"page":"195-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Racial Disparities in the Use of Physical Restraints and Intramuscular Medications for Patients Awaiting Psychiatric Hospitalization in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0374-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Hong","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3190-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya R.","family":"Gopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1516-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Staab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5758-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Fipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib1","series-title":"Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib2","series-title":"Health, United States, 2020-2021: Annual Perspective","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.35241","article-title":"Association of race\/ethnicity and other demographic characteristics with use of physical restraints in the emergency department","volume":"4","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.4832","article-title":"Racial disparities in emergency department physical restraint use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"183","author":"Eswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2010.00823.x","article-title":"Racial and sex differences in emergency department triage assessment and test ordering for chest pain, 1997-2006","volume":"17","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.33710","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in emergency department diagnostic imaging at US children's hospitals, 2016-2019","volume":"4","author":"Marin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.07.030","article-title":"Investigating racial disparities within an emergency department rapid-triage system","volume":"60","author":"Boley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.45437","article-title":"Race and ethnicity and emergency department discharge against medical advice","volume":"6","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14092","article-title":"Disparities in care: the role of race on the utilization of physical restraints in the emergency setting","volume":"27","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14327","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in emergency department restraint use: a multicenter retrospective analysis","volume":"28","author":"Carreras Tartak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202100474","article-title":"Association of Black race with physical and chemical restraint use among patients undergoing emergency psychiatric evaluation","volume":"73","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.09.009","article-title":"Risk for physical restraint or seclusion in the psychiatric emergency service (PES)","volume":"36","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.09.044","article-title":"Prolonged length of stay in ED psychiatric patients: a multivariable predictive model","volume":"34","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2877","article-title":"Race as a social construct in psychiatry research and practice","volume":"79","author":"Bryant","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220917","article-title":"Inequalities in the incidence of psychotic disorders among racial and ethnic groups","volume":"180","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01972-9","article-title":"Racism, xenophobia, discrimination, and the determination of health","volume":"400","author":"Devakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302903","article-title":"Implicit racial\/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.09.014","article-title":"A qualitative study of racial, ethnic, and cultural experiences of minority clinicians during agitation care in the emergency department","volume":"83","author":"Agboola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01435-y","article-title":"\u201cIt's important to work with people that look like me\u201d: Black patients' preferences for patient-provider race concordance","volume":"10","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20230564","article-title":"Racial-ethnic disparities in quality of care among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia","volume":"75","author":"Normand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005","article-title":"Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review","volume":"155","author":"Berkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.004","article-title":"Racial, ethnic, and age-related disparities in sedation and restraint use for older adults in the emergency department","volume":"33","author":"Jivalagian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006_bib25","first-page":"35","article-title":"Updates in the assessment and management of agitation","volume":"21","author":"Curry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266729602500028X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266729602500028X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T13:05:25Z","timestamp":1749906325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S266729602500028X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S266729602500028X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-2960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-2960","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racial Disparities in the Use of Physical Restraints and Intramuscular Medications for Patients Awaiting Psychiatric Hospitalization in the Emergency Department","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.02.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}