{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:36:26Z","timestamp":1781177786253,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T16:45:39Z","timestamp":1771605939000},"page":"114-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Circadian Dysfunction in Delirium: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2137-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Reid","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Landrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7467-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"O'Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5758-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Fipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4823","article-title":"Delirium pathophysiology: an updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure","volume":"33","author":"Maldonado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13281","article-title":"American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.09.016","article-title":"A randomized control trial comparing prophylactic dexmedetomidine versus clonidine on rates and duration of delirium in older adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"61","author":"Shokri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"12 suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa072","article-title":"Basic concepts and unique features of human circadian rhythms: implications for human health","volume":"78","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001282","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disruption in the critically ill: an opportunity for improving outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Oldham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.06.032","article-title":"Delirium: a disturbance of circadian integrity?","volume":"81","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0184ST","article-title":"Causes, consequences, and treatments of sleep and circadian disruption in the ICU: an official American Thoracic Society Research statement","volume":"207","author":"Knauert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.549908","article-title":"Abnormal sleep, circadian rhythm disruption, and delirium in the ICU: are they related?","volume":"11","author":"Daou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib9","first-page":"25","article-title":"Sleep and critical care","volume":"15","author":"Bijwadia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S151525","article-title":"Sleep quality and circadian rhythm disruption in the intensive care unit: a review","volume":"9","author":"Boyko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001952","article-title":"The impact of interventions to improve sleep on delirium in the ICU: a systematic review and research framework","volume":"44","author":"Flannery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2366-0","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythm in critical illness","volume":"23","author":"Telias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220036","article-title":"Intensive care unit interventions to promote sleep and circadian biology in reducing incident delirium: a scoping review","volume":"79","author":"Wilcox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.01.019","article-title":"The role of melatonin and melatonin receptor agonist in the prevention of sleep disturbances and delirium in intensive care unit - a clinical review","volume":"69","author":"Lewandowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2021.1993240","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of light therapy in hospitalized patients - a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Lindskov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.08.001","article-title":"Promoting sleep and circadian health may prevent postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520802544530","article-title":"Ethical and methodological standards for laboratory and medical biological rhythm research","volume":"25","author":"Portaluppi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slsci.2016.08.001","article-title":"Loss of melatonin daily rhythmicity is associated with delirium development in hospitalized older adults","volume":"9","author":"\u00c1ngeles-Castellanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.3.363","article-title":"The relation between the clinical subtypes of delirium and the urinary level of 6-SMT","volume":"15","author":"Balan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12582","article-title":"Sleep and delirium in unsedated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"60","author":"Boesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12055","article-title":"Melatonin secretion and metabolism in patients with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Chojnacki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastro Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0525","article-title":"Delirium and circadian rhythm of melatonin during weaning from mechanical ventilation","volume":"148","author":"Dessap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.05.004","article-title":"Pilot prospective study of post-surgery sleep and EEG predictors of post-operative delirium","volume":"128","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020124","article-title":"Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage exhibit disturbed expression patterns of the circadian rhythm gene Period-2","volume":"11","author":"Frase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26617","article-title":"Circadian rest\u2013activity rhythms, delirium risk, and progression to dementia","volume":"93","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28095-0","article-title":"Actigraphy-based sleep and activity measurements in intensive care unit patients randomized to ramelteon or placebo for delirium prevention","volume":"13","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-02163-4","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disturbance and delirium in ICU patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(85)90007-1","article-title":"Beta-endorphin, cortisol and postoperative delirium: a preliminary report","volume":"10","author":"McIntosh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02089.x","article-title":"Night-time sleep disturbance does not correlate with neuropsychiatric impairment in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Montagnese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00829-1","article-title":"Serum melatonin concentration in critically ill patients randomized to sedation or non-sedation","volume":"11","author":"Oxlund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.09.007","article-title":"The diurnal profile of melatonin during delirium in elderly patients\u2014preliminary results","volume":"72","author":"Piotrowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103490","article-title":"Effects of general versus subarachnoid anaesthesia on circadian melatonin rhythm and postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: a prospective cohort clinical trial","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94773-6","article-title":"Expression of HO1 and PER2 can predict the incidence of delirium in trauma patients with concomitant brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Steimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060521990502","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired delirium: a case\u2013control study","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2020.1764012","article-title":"Preoperative circadian physical activity rhythm and postoperative delirium in cardiovascular surgery patients","volume":"37","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab272","article-title":"Association of poor sleep burden in middle age and older adults with risk for delirium during hospitalization","volume":"77","author":"Ulsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib46","first-page":"126","article-title":"Melatonin treatment in the prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients","volume":"12","author":"Artemiou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E547","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.140495","article-title":"Effect of melatonin on incidence of delirium among patients with hip fracture: a multicentre, double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"186","author":"De Jonghe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)80007-7","article-title":"Treatment of delirium with phototherapy: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Droogleever Fortuyn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13037","article-title":"Delirium and effect of circadian light in the intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Estrup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2012.00422.x","article-title":"Marked improvement in delirium with ramelteon: five case reports","volume":"12","author":"Furuya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2017.11.076","article-title":"Cycling of dexmedetomidine may prevent delirium after liver transplantation","volume":"50","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2011.03.003","article-title":"The usefulness of bright light therapy for patients after oesophagectomy","volume":"27","author":"Ono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14154","article-title":"Sleep quality and quantity determined by polysomnography in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients randomized to dexmedetomidine or placebo","volume":"67","author":"Oxlund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib39","first-page":"567","article-title":"Effect of dynamic light at the coronary care unit on the length of hospital stay and development of delirium: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Pustjens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31825b8ade","article-title":"Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium","volume":"40","author":"Seymour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00025-4","article-title":"Dynamic light application therapy to reduce the incidence and duration of delirium in intensive-care patients: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Simons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006152","article-title":"Modification in ICU design may affect delirium and circadian melatonin: a proof of concept pilot study","volume":"52","author":"Spies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2007.04.004","article-title":"Influence of bright light therapy on postoperative patients: a pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Taguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.47.2.a","article-title":"Ramelteon for the treatment of delirium in elderly patients: a consecutive case series study","volume":"47","author":"Tsuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib43","article-title":"Prospective randomized controlled pilot study of high-intensity lightbox phototherapy to prevent ICU-acquired delirium incidence","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5496","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001642","article-title":"Diurnal variation of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing esketamine anesthesia for elective noncardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2024.103833","article-title":"Impact of new lighting technology versus traditional fluorescent bulbs on sedation and delirium in the ICU","volume":"86","author":"Lucchini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1131","article-title":"Keeping an eye on circadian time in clinical research and medicine","volume":"12","author":"Klerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1956","article-title":"The relative contributions of the homeostatic and circadian processes to sleep regulation under conditions of severe sleep restriction","volume":"35","author":"Paech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.06.039","article-title":"Circadian nature of immune function","volume":"349","author":"Logan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2022.100080","article-title":"Human circadian rhythm studies: practical guidelines for inclusion\/exclusion criteria and protocol","volume":"13","author":"Yousefzadehfard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-023-00371-w","article-title":"Circadian dependency of microglial heme oxygenase-1 expression and inflammation determine neuronal injury in hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Henrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S377762","article-title":"Correlation of circadian rhythms of heart rate variability indices with stress, mood, and sleep status in female medical workers with night shifts","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.04.012","article-title":"Light therapies to improve sleep in intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders and neuro-psychiatric illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Faulkner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5100","article-title":"An update for 2015: an American academy of sleep medicine clinical practice guideline","volume":"11","author":"Auger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000816","article-title":"Internal clock and the surgical ICU patient","volume":"33","author":"Coppola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.01.034","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"93","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182632bcb","article-title":"Day or night administration of ketamine and pentobarbital differentially affect circadian rhythms of pineal melatonin secretion and locomotor activity in rats","volume":"115","author":"Mihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.02.1176","article-title":"A circadian genomic signature common to ketamine and sleep deprivation in the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"82","author":"Orozco-Solis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03526.1995","article-title":"Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans","volume":"15","author":"Dijk","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667296026000224?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667296026000224?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:46:33Z","timestamp":1777311993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667296026000224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667296026000224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-2960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-2960","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Circadian Dysfunction in Delirium: A Systematic Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaclp.2026.02.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}