{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:25:28Z","timestamp":1790875528246,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]],"date-time":"2011-05-26T19:24:39Z","timestamp":1306437879000},"page":"227-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Are \u201csocial drugs\u201d (tobacco, coffee and chocolate) related to the bipolar spectrum?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Icro","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Perugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Rovai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo Giovanni Icro","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Canonico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Carbonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Mencacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Muscettola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Torta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Vampini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagop S.","family":"Akiskal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02640.x","article-title":"Adult versus adolescent onset of smoking: how are mood disorders and other risk factors involved?","volume":"104","author":"Ajdacic-Gross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0010","unstructured":"Akiskal, H. S., 1989. New insights into the nature and heterogeneity of mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 50 Suppl, 6\u201310; discussion 11\u201312."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0015","first-page":"68","article-title":"Criteria for the \u2018soft\u2019 bipolar spectrum: treatment implications","volume":"23","author":"Akiskal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(83)90004-6","article-title":"Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness: phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors","volume":"5","author":"Akiskal","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000284607","article-title":"Psychopathology, temperament, and past course in primary major depressions. 1. Review of evidence for a bipolar spectrum","volume":"22","author":"Akiskal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00322-1","article-title":"Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania","volume":"73","author":"Angst","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.05.011","article-title":"The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients","volume":"88","author":"Angst","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09071011","article-title":"Major depressive disorder with subthreshold bipolarity in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"167","author":"Angst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02196920","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence","volume":"25","author":"Breslau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2007.09.020","article-title":"Management of comorbid bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence","volume":"37","author":"Brousse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camacho, A., Akiskal, H. S., 2005. Proposal for a bipolar-stimulant spectrum: temperament, diagnostic validation and therapeutic outcomes with mood stabilizers. J Affect Disord. 85.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.10.014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2009.02.010","article-title":"Patterns of caffeine consumption in psychiatric patients. An Italian study","volume":"25","author":"Ciapparelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198707000-00007","article-title":"Cocaine abuse, attention deficit disorder, and bipolar patients","volume":"175","author":"Cocores","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0070","first-page":"181","article-title":"Is cocoa a psychotropic drug? Psychopathologic study of a population of subjects self-identified as chocolate addicts","volume":"27","author":"Dallard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.06.007","article-title":"Caffeine dependence in rats: effects of exposure duration and concentration","volume":"95","author":"Dingle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0080","unstructured":"Erlanson-Albertsson, C., 2005. [Sugar triggers our reward-system. Sweets release opiates which stimulates the appetite for sucrose\u2013insulin can depress it]. Lakartidningen. 102, 1620\u20131622, 1625, 1627."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00257-3","article-title":"Smoking history and nicotine effects on cognitive performance","volume":"25","author":"Ernst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318185d2ad","article-title":"Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and nicotine dependence among adolescents: findings from a prospective, longitudinal study","volume":"47","author":"Griesler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.01.001","article-title":"Nicotine use and dependence and their association to psychiatric disorders in a large sample of adolescent psychiatric inpatients","volume":"31","author":"Hakko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(10)91003-9","article-title":"Neural plasticity, human genetics, and risk for alcohol dependence","volume":"91","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008622","article-title":"Caffeine intake, toxicity and dependence and lifetime risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders: an epidemiologic and co-twin control analysis","volume":"36","author":"Kendler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00110-1","article-title":"Cognitive effects of nicotine in humans: an fMRI study","volume":"19","author":"Kumari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq023","article-title":"Smoking and psychiatric disorders: have subthreshold disorders been overlooked?","volume":"12","author":"Landolt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp094","article-title":"In alcohol-dependent drinkers, what does the presence of nicotine dependence tell us about psychiatric and addictive disorders comorbidity?","volume":"45","author":"Le Strat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.294","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and the self-reported use of alcohol, caffeine, and carbohydrates in normal volunteers and four groups of psychiatric outpatients","volume":"150","author":"Leibenluft","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0130","first-page":"241","article-title":"Psycho(patho)logy of \u201caddiction.\u201d Interpretative hypothesis","volume":"38","author":"Maremmani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.02.022","article-title":"Toward a unitary perspective on the bipolar spectrum and substance abuse: opiate addiction as a paradigm","volume":"93","author":"Maremmani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000104742","article-title":"Is the bipolar spectrum the psychopathological substrate of suicidality in heroin addicts?","volume":"40","author":"Maremmani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.03.015","article-title":"Cocaine abuse and the bipolar spectrum in 1090 heroin addicts: clinical observations and a proposal of a pathophysiologic model","volume":"106","author":"Maremmani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.01.007","article-title":"Affective temperaments in heroin addiction","volume":"117","author":"Maremmani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450802333987","article-title":"Sensitivity to change in cognitive performance and mood measures of energy and fatigue in response to morning caffeine alone or in combination with carbohydrate","volume":"119","author":"Maridakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.12.012","article-title":"Nicotine dependence, use of illegal drugs and psychiatric morbidity","volume":"31","author":"Martinez-Ortega","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90283-6","article-title":"Pharmacological versus sensory factors in the satiation of chocolate craving","volume":"56","author":"Michener","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0170","first-page":"1501","article-title":"Current trends of nicotine dependence","volume":"68","author":"Miyata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nippon Rinsho"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0175","unstructured":"Njike, V. Y., Faridi, Z., Shuval, K., et al., 2009. Effects of sugar-sweetened and sugar-free cocoa on endothelial function in overweight adults. Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0180","first-page":"1470","article-title":"Caffeine dependence","volume":"68","author":"Ogawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nippon Rinsho"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, C. A., Thornton, J. A., Adam, G. E., et al., 2010. Effects of 2 Adenosine Antagonists, Quercetin and Caffeine, on Vigilance and Mood. J Clin Psychopharmacol.","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181ee0f79"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2009.05.002","article-title":"Affective temperaments in alcoholic patients","volume":"43","author":"Pacini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.012","article-title":"Delineating the psychic structure of substance abuse and addictions: should anxiety, mood and impulse-control dysregulation be included?","volume":"122","author":"Pani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.033746","article-title":"Chocolate craving when depressed: a personality marker","volume":"191","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(02)00023-0","article-title":"The soft bipolar spectrum redefined: focus on the cyclothymic anxious-sensitive, impulse discontrol, and binge-eating connection in bipolar II and related condition","volume":"25","author":"Perugi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clin North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00316-5","article-title":"Alcohol abuse in social phobic patients: is there a bipolar connection?","volume":"68","author":"Perugi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000319848","article-title":"Unexplained Somatic Symptoms during Major Depression: Prevalence and Clinical Impact in a National Sample of Italian Psychiatric Outpatients","volume":"44","author":"Perugi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2007.06.004","article-title":"Effects of intentionally enhanced chocolate on mood","volume":"3","author":"Radin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Explore NY"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01094-5","article-title":"Cognitive effects of nicotine","volume":"49","author":"Rezvani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02274898","article-title":"Caffeine consumption in hospitalized psychiatric patients","volume":"246","author":"Rihs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0235","first-page":"359","article-title":"Sugar-craving, compulsion or addiction?","volume":"72","author":"Romer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Zahnarztl. Mitt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.78","article-title":"Mood food: chocolate and depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"170","author":"Rose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198708000-00008","article-title":"Sweets, chocolate, and atypical depressive traits","volume":"175","author":"Schuman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047682","article-title":"Sugar as a reward for hungry and nonhungry rats","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400107","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and motivation for smoking cessation in psychiatric inpatients","volume":"54","author":"Solty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.02.013","article-title":"Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain","volume":"124","author":"Spangler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0265","first-page":"137","article-title":"The inheritance of craving for sugar in rats","volume":"56","author":"Vartiainen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Intern. Fenn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009296","article-title":"Sugar overconsumption during adolescence selectively alters motivation and reward function in adult rats","volume":"5","author":"Vendruscolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050566","article-title":"\u201cDepression\u201d increases \u201ccraving\u201d for sweet rewards in animal and human models of depression and craving","volume":"136","author":"Willner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.031","article-title":"Nicotine dependence subtypes: association with smoking history, diagnostic criteria and psychiatric disorders in 5440 regular smokers from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry","volume":"32","author":"Xian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.158","article-title":"Heterogeneity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder as a consequence of subthreshold bipolarity","volume":"66","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032711001868?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032711001868?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T06:40:42Z","timestamp":1560235242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032711001868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165032711001868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}}}