{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:43:12Z","timestamp":1791934992273,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Rotary Health Research Fund (Mental Health Evaluation Grants Scheme)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T21:18:57Z","timestamp":1418419137000},"page":"98-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bipolar disorder subtypes in children and adolescents: Demographic and clinical characteristics from an Australian sample"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Hirneth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip L.","family":"Hazell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya L.","family":"Hanstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry J.","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib1","series-title":"National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results, 2007","author":"ABS","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib2","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib3","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"159","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322724850","article-title":"A preliminary study of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children mania rating scale for children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Axelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1139","article-title":"Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders","volume":"63","author":"Axelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199904000-00021","article-title":"Further evidence of a bidirectional overlap between juvenile mania and conduct disorder in children","volume":"38","author":"Biederman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060500","article-title":"Course and outcome of bipolar spectrum disorder in children and adolescents: a review of the existing literature","volume":"18","author":"Birmaher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08101569","article-title":"Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study","volume":"166","author":"Birmaher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060470","article-title":"Phenomenology and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: complexities and developmental issues","volume":"18","author":"Carlson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.582","article-title":"Twelve month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode","volume":"164","author":"DelBello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00128.x","article-title":"Pediatric bipolar disorder: phenomenology and course of illness","volume":"6","author":"Faedda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.30405.x","article-title":"Rapid, continuous cycling and psychiatric co-morbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder","volume":"3","author":"Findling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05859yel","article-title":"Characteristics of children with elevated symptoms of mania: the longitudinal assessment of manic symptoms (LAMS) study","volume":"71","author":"Findling","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.03.010","article-title":"Variability among research diagnostic interview instruments in the application of DSM-IV-TR criteria for pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"51","author":"Galanter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.6.927","article-title":"Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype","volume":"159","author":"Geller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.10.1125","article-title":"Child bipolar 1 disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar 1 disorder; characteristic of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome","volume":"65","author":"Geller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.5.459","article-title":"Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype","volume":"61","author":"Geller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00176-1","article-title":"Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: assessment and validity using the WASH-U-KSADS, CBCL and TRF","volume":"51","author":"Geller","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib19","series-title":"Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS)","author":"Geller","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200104000-00014","article-title":"Reliability of the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) Mania and rapid cycling sections","volume":"40","author":"Geller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/10445460252943533","article-title":"DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls","volume":"12","author":"Geller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/10445460252943524","article-title":"Phenomenology of prepubertal and early adolescence bipolar disorder: examples of elated mood, grandiose behaviours, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts and hypersexuality","volume":"12","author":"Geller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.t01-1-00347.x","article-title":"Confirmation that Child Behavior Checklist clinical scales discriminate juvenile mania from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"35","author":"Hazell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181a565db","article-title":"Irritability without elation in a large bipolar youth sample: frequency and clinical description","volume":"48","author":"Hunt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib25","series-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib26","series-title":"New Developments in Mania Research","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pediatric bipolar disorder: perspectives on course and outcome","author":"Jairam","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00149.x","article-title":"A prospective 4\u20135 year follow-up of juvenile onset bipolar disorder","volume":"6","author":"Jairam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-Present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2005.00261.x","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Kowatch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007446","article-title":"Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of child and adolescent bipolar disorder","volume":"36","author":"Kyte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.430","article-title":"Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania","volume":"160","author":"Leibenluft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199504000-00012","article-title":"Bipolar disorders in a community sample of older adolescents: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course","volume":"34","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e3180f62eba","article-title":"Clinical implications of DSM-IV subtyping of bipolar disorders in referred children and adolescents","volume":"46","author":"Masi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib34","unstructured":"McDermott, B., Baigent, M., Chanen, A., Fraser, L., Graetz, B., Hayman, N., Newman, L., Parikh, N., Peirce, B., Proimos, J., Smalley, T., Spence, S., 2010. beyondblue expert working committee clinical practice guidelines: depression in adolescents and young adults. Beyondblue: the national depression initiative, Melbourne."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1440783309103342","article-title":"The AUSEI06: a new socioeconomic index for Australia","volume":"45","author":"McMillan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1665.2006.02265.x","article-title":"Outcome of patients with unipolar, bipolar and psychotic disorders admitted to a specialist child and adolescent mental health service","volume":"14","author":"McShane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1665.2003.00520.x","article-title":"Summary of guideline for the treatment of bipolar disorder","volume":"11","author":"Mitchell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2008.00505.x","article-title":"The paediatric bipolar hypothesis: the view from Australia and New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"Parry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib39","series-title":"The Mental Health of Young People in Australia","author":"Sawyer","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.06.031","article-title":"Distinguishing young people with emerging bipolar disorders from those with unipolar depression","volume":"144","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010","article-title":"A children\u2019s global assessment scale (CGAS)","volume":"40","author":"Shaffer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.02.010","article-title":"Pediatric bipolar disorder in a Spanish sample: features before and at the time of diagnosis","volume":"118","author":"Soutullo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10116.x","article-title":"A prospective study of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents from India","volume":"98","author":"Srinath","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412463615","article-title":"The presentation of early-onset psychotic disorders","volume":"47","author":"Starling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032714008076?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032714008076?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T01:15:49Z","timestamp":1759022149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032714008076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0165032714008076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bipolar disorder subtypes in children and adolescents: Demographic and clinical characteristics from an Australian sample","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}