{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T03:27:38Z","timestamp":1775273258135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010425","name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T21:36:05Z","timestamp":1605044165000},"page":"295-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Efficacy and neurophysiological predictors of treatment response of adjunct bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in treating unipolar and bipolar depression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"280","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6885-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Yue","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Chia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4091-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy Chia-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nian-Sheng","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-An","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00159","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for memory enhancement: from clinical research to animal models","volume":"8","author":"Bennabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2019-0741","article-title":"Precision non-implantable neuromodulation therapies: a perspective for the depressed brain","volume":"42","author":"Borrione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","article-title":"A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Brunoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2012.09.001","article-title":"Interactions between transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and pharmacological interventions in the Major Depressive Episode: findings from a naturalistic study","volume":"28","author":"Brunoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.09.010","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in unipolar vs. bipolar depressive disorder","volume":"35","author":"Brunoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713000497","article-title":"Heart rate variability is a trait marker of major depressive disorder: evidence from the sertraline vs. electric current therapy to treat depression clinical study","volume":"16","author":"Brunoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004824","article-title":"Placebo response of non-pharmacological and pharmacological trials in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Brunoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612999","article-title":"Trial of Electrical Direct-Current Therapy versus Escitalopram for Depression","volume":"376","author":"Brunoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.32","article-title":"The sertraline vs. electrical current therapy for treating depression clinical study: results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Brunoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2015.1017606","article-title":"Distinguishing bipolar II depression from unipolar major depressive disorder: Differences in heart rate variability","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.08.11.1","article-title":"Hypomania Induced by Bifrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in a Patient with Bipolar Depression","volume":"15","author":"Chao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0499-9","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation","volume":"25","author":"Chase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.05.021","article-title":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) for bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Donde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.028","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation targets for depression is related to intrinsic functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate","volume":"72","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.033","article-title":"Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: an fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder","volume":"63","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.03.015","article-title":"Trends in the incidence and DALYs of bipolar disorder at global, regional, and national levels: Results from the global burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"125","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910651106","article-title":"Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of fronto-striatal brain activation","volume":"106","author":"Heller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.005","article-title":"Effects of single versus dual-site High-Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on cortical reactivity and working memory performance in healthy subjects","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.008","article-title":"Online Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Real Time on Human Prefrontal and Striatal Metabolites","volume":"80","author":"Hone-Blanchet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.016","article-title":"Cardiovascular differences between sham and active iTBS related to treatment response in MDD","volume":"13","author":"Iseger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.006","article-title":"A frontal-vagal network theory for Major Depressive Disorder: Implications for optimizing neuromodulation techniques","volume":"13","author":"Iseger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071","article-title":"Large-Scale Network Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity","volume":"72","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0542-11.2011","article-title":"Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation changes connectivity of resting-state networks during fMRI","volume":"31","author":"Keeser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.004","article-title":"Prefrontal direct current stimulation modulates resting EEG and event-related potentials in healthy subjects: a standardized low resolution tomography (sLORETA) study","volume":"55","author":"Keeser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716659417","article-title":"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological Treatments","volume":"61","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2017.1286299","article-title":"The application of tDCS for the treatment of psychiatric diseases","volume":"29","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"128","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2119-2","article-title":"Delayed effect of bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.08.002","article-title":"Changes in the global burden of depression from 1990 to 2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.097634","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"200","author":"Loo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.10.011","article-title":"International randomized-controlled trial of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in depression","volume":"11","author":"Loo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.04.008","article-title":"Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: An individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised, sham-controlled trials","volume":"90","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22988","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in unipolar and bipolar depression: Findings from an international randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"McClintock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20300","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in acute bipolar depression","volume":"15","author":"McGirr","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716660033","article-title":"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 4. Neurostimulation Treatments","volume":"61","author":"Milev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109836","article-title":"Efficacy and acceptability of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for major depressive disorder: An individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Moffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008","volume":"1","author":"Nitsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.2.104","article-title":"Patient adherence in the treatment of depression","volume":"180","author":"Pampallona","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","article-title":"The polyvagal perspective","volume":"74","author":"Porges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23004","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in depressive episodes","volume":"37","author":"Razza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","article-title":"Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report","volume":"163","author":"Rush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4040","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as an Add-on Treatment for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"75","author":"Sampaio-Junior","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033376","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in non-treatment-resistant depression: the DISCO randomised controlled study protocol","volume":"10","author":"Sauvaget","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-0577-0","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of the central autonomic network: recent developments and clinical implications","volume":"29","author":"Sklerov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.543","article-title":"The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"141","author":"Thayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0048","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes of the bipolar depression electrical treatment trial (BETTER): a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","author":"Tortella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0049","first-page":"342","article-title":"Development and verification of validity and reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version","volume":"101","author":"Yao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12609","article-title":"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"20","author":"Yatham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.015","article-title":"Basic and functional effects of transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)-An introduction","volume":"85","author":"Yavari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.07.007","article-title":"Heart rate variability in major depressive disorder and after antidepressant treatment with agomelatine and paroxetine: Findings from the Taiwan Study of Depression and Anxiety (TAISDA)","volume":"64","author":"Yeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032720329608?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032720329608?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T01:48:18Z","timestamp":1759024098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032720329608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0165032720329608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy and neurophysiological predictors of treatment response of adjunct bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in treating unipolar and bipolar depression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}