{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:55:03Z","timestamp":1790337303176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T06:43:05Z","timestamp":1621060985000},"page":"384-399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association of mental disorders with firearm suicides: A systematic review with meta-analyses of observational studies in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Zuriaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namkee G.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hodkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Storman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoleta I.","family":"Brudasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashivadan P.","family":"Hirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Brini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5469","article-title":"The Leading Causes of Death in the US for 2020","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-2767-3","article-title":"Health Care Contacts in the Year Before Suicide Death","volume":"29","author":"Ahmedani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2006.36.5.533","article-title":"On \u201cIntention\u201d in the Definition of Suicide","volume":"36","author":"Andriessen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113277","article-title":"Suicide risk and firearm ownership and storage behavior in a large military sample","volume":"291","author":"Anestis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0007","unstructured":"ASFP, 2017. Suicide Statistics, https:\/\/afsp.org\/about-suicide\/suicide-statistics\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.12.049","article-title":"The close link between suicide attempts and mixed (bipolar) depression: implications for suicide prevention","volume":"91","author":"Bal\u00e1zs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0009","first-page":"281","article-title":"Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Suicide in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Balis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Child Health Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0010","first-page":"677","article-title":"General medical, mental health, and demographic risk factors associated with suicide by firearm compared with other means","volume":"69","author":"Boggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"PS (Wash DC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.7326\/L17-0111","article-title":"The association of firearm suicide with mental illness, substance use conditions, and previous suicide attempts","volume":"167","author":"Boggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2020.02.011","article-title":"Research Note: in a meta-analysis, the I2 index does not tell us how much the effect size varies across studies","volume":"66","author":"Borenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0013","unstructured":"Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H., 2013. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) (Version 3) [computer software] Biostat, Englewood, NJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.12.1925","article-title":"Affective Disorders and Suicide Risk: a Reexamination","volume":"157","author":"Bostwick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.07.007","article-title":"Observational Research Opportunities and Limitations","volume":"27","author":"Boyko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0016","first-page":"32","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Firearm Violence","volume":"38","author":"Branas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0017","first-page":"32","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Firearm Violence","volume":"38","author":"Branas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470210057032","article-title":"The Presence and Accessibility of Firearms in the Homes of Adolescent Suicides: a Case-Control Study","volume":"266","author":"Brent","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0393-5","article-title":"Gender Differences in Suicide Methods","volume":"47","author":"Callanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2008.9690","article-title":"Study Design, Precision, and Validity in Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Carlson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32833063e1","article-title":"Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior","volume":"21","author":"Cash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006943","article-title":"Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0023","unstructured":"CDC, C.f.D.C.a.P., 2019. Preventing Suicide Factsheet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20128","article-title":"Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review","volume":"13","author":"Chesney","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.10.022","article-title":"Youth firearm suicide: precipitating\/risk factors and gun access","volume":"83","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child. Youth. Serv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.06.001","article-title":"Suicide Means among Decedents Aged 50+ Years, 2005\u20132014: trends and Associations with Sociodemographic and Precipitating Factors","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218000212","article-title":"Older women who died by suicide: suicide means, sociodemographic and psychiatric risk factors, and other precipitating circumstances","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2174\/1874297101003010016","article-title":"Power and Error: increas ed Risk of Fals e Positive R esults in Underpowered Studies The","volume":"3","author":"Christley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Epidemiol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100617727266","article-title":"Three Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)","volume":"18","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.010","article-title":"Medical costs and productivity losses due to interpersonal and self-directed violence in the United States","volume":"32","author":"Corso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0835-6","article-title":"Neurobiology of suicide: do biomarkers exist?","volume":"128","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0032","series-title":"Covidence Systematic Review [computer software]","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0033","series-title":"Firearms. Legal Guidance","author":"CPS","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2000.tb00992.x","article-title":"Method choice, intent, and gender in completed suicide","volume":"30","author":"Denning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.173.8.721","article-title":"Suicide among Discharged Psychiatric Inpatients in the Department of Veterans Affairs","volume":"173","author":"Desai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0038","first-page":"39","volume":"14","author":"Elnour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lethality of suicide methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612459059","article-title":"A Vast Graveyard of Undead Theories: publication Bias and Psychological Science's Aversion to the Null","volume":"7","author":"Ferguson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.06.002","article-title":"Firearm injuries in the United States","volume":"79","author":"Fowler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255484","article-title":"Publication bias in the social sciences: unlocking the file drawer","volume":"345","author":"Franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00432","article-title":"Biomarkers in Psychiatry: concept, Definition, Types and Relevance to the","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Reality. Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp456","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Completed Suicide","volume":"171","author":"Gradus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0045","first-page":"161","article-title":"Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders","volume":"13","author":"Griffiths","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meta-Anal. Randomized Controlled Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07451-2","article-title":"Bias and causal associations in observational research","volume":"359","author":"Grimes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet North Am. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.6.707","article-title":"Gun Storage Practices and Risk of Youth Suicide and Unintentional Firearm Injuries","volume":"293","author":"Grossman","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0048","series-title":"Lectures Notes: Psychiatry","author":"Gulati","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.10.005","article-title":"Firearms laws and the reduction of violence: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Hahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414555419","article-title":"Suicide is a complex behaviour in which mental disorder usually plays a central role","author":"Haw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Austr. New Zealand J. Psychiatry 49"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.01.004","article-title":"Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Hawton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0052","article-title":"Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1999\u20132017. U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. Center Health Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.8.4.313","article-title":"Association of rates of household handgun ownership, lifetime major depression, and serious suicidal thoughts with rates of suicide across US census regions","volume":"8","author":"Hemenway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J., Green, S., 2008. Investigating heterogeneity, Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2017.1332905","article-title":"Suicide and mental disorders: a discourse of politics, power, and vested interests","volume":"41","author":"Hjelmeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786810385490","article-title":"Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Hor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39023.648970.80","article-title":"Mental health screening before troop deployment: is not supported by current evidence","volume":"333","author":"Hyams","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.2.198","article-title":"Mental Illness, Previous Suicidality, and Access to Guns in the United States","volume":"59","author":"Ilgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00022.x","article-title":"A conceptual framework for the revision of the ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders","volume":"10","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-25","article-title":"The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method","volume":"14","author":"IntHout","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Rovers, M.M., Goeman, J.J., 2016. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. 6, e010247.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(01)00594-6","article-title":"Psychological autopsy studies\u2013a review","volume":"16","author":"Isomets\u00e4","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0065","first-page":"290","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Power analysis for random-effects meta-analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0066","series-title":"Critical Appraisal tool. Check list For Case Control Studies","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0067","series-title":"Critical Appraisal tool. Check list For Cross Sectional Studies","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.77.1.124","article-title":"Racial differences in the characteristics of firearm suicide decedents in the United States","author":"Joe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22498","article-title":"Do Undiagnosed Suicide Decedents Have Symptoms of a Mental Disorder?","volume":"73","author":"Joiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516629387","article-title":"The Role of Interpersonal Conflict as a Determinant of Firearm-Related Homicide-Suicides at Different Ages","volume":"33","author":"Kalesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.094","article-title":"Sex and age modify the relationship between life circumstances and use of a firearm in suicide deaths across 17 U.S. states","volume":"236","author":"Kalesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8292(99)00007-6","article-title":"Sociodemographic and geographic patterns of firearm suicide in the United States, 1989\u20131993","volume":"5","author":"Kaplan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023173","article-title":"Factors associated with suicide by firearm among US older adult men","volume":"13","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2008.021162","article-title":"Characteristics of adult male and female firearm suicide decedents: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System","volume":"15","author":"Kaplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlz029","article-title":"The Hidden Epidemic of Firearm Suicide in the United States: challenges and Opportunities","volume":"44","author":"Kaplan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Soc. Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa043266","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003","volume":"352","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700250","article-title":"Effects of Risk-Based Firearm Seizure Laws in Connecticut and Indiana on Suicide Rates, 1981\u20132015","volume":"69","author":"Kivisto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0054-2","article-title":"Gender, place, and method of suicide","volume":"41","author":"Kposowa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Psychiatr. Psychiatric Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0079","first-page":"83","volume":"10","author":"Langan","year":"2019","journal-title":"A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7568.597","article-title":"The case of the misleading funnel plot","volume":"333","author":"Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300964","article-title":"Suicide, guns, and public policy","volume":"103","author":"Lewiecki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: explanation and Elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12817","article-title":"Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.006","article-title":"Life events and suicidal ideation and behavior: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-016-9809-z","article-title":"The Association of Genetic Predisposition to Depressive Symptoms with Non-suicidal and Suicidal Self-Injuries","volume":"47","author":"Maciejewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0086","first-page":"12","article-title":"Longitudinal observational studies and causality","volume":"32","author":"Muriel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naghavi, M., 2019. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. 364, l94.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l94"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30096-2","article-title":"Digital technology for treating and preventing mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Naslund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70222-6","article-title":"The psychology of suicidal behaviour","volume":"1","author":"O'Connor","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Connor, E., Gaynes, B., Burda, B.U., et\u00a0al., 2013. Screening for Suicide Risk in Primary Care: a Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet], US.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-10-201305210-00642"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.07.002","article-title":"Publication bias is underreported in systematic reviews published in high-impact-factor journals: metaepidemiologic study","volume":"67","author":"Onishi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2006.36.5.491","article-title":"Critical Issues in Psychological Autopsy Studies","volume":"36","author":"Pouliot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0093","series-title":"Improving Mental Health Service Utilization For Children and Adolescents","first-page":"187","author":"Power","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-009-9163-7","article-title":"Prevalence of State Firearm Mortality and Mental Health Care Resources","volume":"34","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0095","unstructured":"RAND, 2021. Contemporary Issues in Gun Policy: Essays from the RAND Gun Policy in America Project. RAND Corporation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-007-9046-9","article-title":"Publication bias as a threat to the validity of meta-analytic results","volume":"4","author":"Rothstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Criminol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0223855","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223855","article-title":"The evolution of mental health outcomes across a combat deployment cycle: a longitudinal study of the Guam Army National Guard","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","article-title":"Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms","volume":"143","author":"Salk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.11.001","article-title":"Suicide in Older Adults With and Without Known Mental Illness: results From the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003-2016","volume":"58","author":"Schmutte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00037-0","article-title":"Firearm suicide among youth in the United States, 2004\u20132015","volume":"42","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0618-3","article-title":"Likelihood-based random-effects meta-analysis with few studies: empirical and simulation studies","volume":"19","author":"Seide","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.07.019","article-title":"State background checks for gun purchase and firearm deaths: an exploratory study","volume":"55","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00064-6","article-title":"Adolescent suicide and household access to firearms in Colorado: results of a case-control study","volume":"26","author":"Shah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health: Off. Publ. Soc. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.2.120","article-title":"Lethality of firearms relative to other suicide methods: a population based study","volume":"57","author":"Shenassa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12225","article-title":"Suicide and Suicidal Attempts in the United States: costs and Policy Implications","volume":"46","author":"Shepard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci146","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and suicide","volume":"99","author":"Sher","year":"2005","journal-title":"QJM: Int. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00485.x","article-title":"Schizophrenia and Suicide: a 10-Year Review of Kentucky Medical Examiner Cases","volume":"52","author":"Shields","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shojaei, A., Moradi, S., Alaeddini, F., Khodadoost, M., Barzegar, A., Khademi, A., 2014. Association between suicide method, and gender, age, and education level in Iran over 2006\u20132010. 6, 18\u201322.","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12097"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05787-1","article-title":"Characteristics and Injury Mechanisms of Veteran Primary Care Suicide Decedents with and without Diagnosed Mental Illness","author":"Simonetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/psj.12242","article-title":"Explaining Gun Deaths: gun Control, Mental Illness, and Policymaking in the American States","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Policy Stud. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00377-8","article-title":"Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis","volume":"54","author":"Sterne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00534-5","article-title":"Life Stress and Suicide in Adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6722a1","article-title":"Vital Signs: trends in State Suicide Rates - United States, 1999-2016 and Circumstances Contributing to Suicide - 27 States, 2015","author":"Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318031b5a8","article-title":"Firearm Suicide: use of a Firearm Injury and Death Surveillance System","volume":"62","author":"Streib","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.03.023","article-title":"Firearm Death Rates and Association with Level of Firearm Purchase Background Check","volume":"35","author":"Sumner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7249.1574","article-title":"Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses","volume":"320","author":"Sutton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.03.004","article-title":"Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy","volume":"25","author":"Swanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1187","article-title":"How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00002621","article-title":"Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care","volume":"17","author":"Thornicroft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317070-00003","article-title":"Suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder: risk and prevention","volume":"17","author":"Tondo","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.054","article-title":"The association between mental disorders and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis of record linkage studies","volume":"259","author":"Too","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30199-2","article-title":"Suicide prevention using self-guided digital interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"2","author":"Torok","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Digital Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2015-041796","article-title":"Paediatric suicide in the USA: analysis of the National Child Death Case Reporting System","volume":"22","author":"Trigylidas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215052","article-title":"Publication bias examined in meta-analyses from psychology and medicine: a meta-meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"van Aert","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00108","article-title":"Mental Pain and Suicide: a Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"7","author":"Verrocchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-007-0823-2","article-title":"Genetics of suicide: a systematic review of twin studies","volume":"119","author":"Voracek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0042","first-page":"751","volume":"69","author":"Walby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contact with mental health services prior to suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14776J","article-title":"Psychological Factors in the Determination of Suicide in Self-Inflicted Gunshot Head Wounds","volume":"45","author":"Weinberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003","article-title":"Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies","volume":"76","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005_bib0131","series-title":"New Study Reveals Lack of Access as Root Cause For Mental Health Crisis in America","author":"Wood","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721004432?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721004432?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T02:09:18Z","timestamp":1759025358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032721004432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S0165032721004432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association of mental disorders with firearm suicides: A systematic review with meta-analyses of observational studies in the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}