{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:11:41Z","timestamp":1772208701140,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T23:12:28Z","timestamp":1624576348000},"page":"285-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Efficacy of ketamine and esketamine on functional outcomes in treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Rosenblat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leanna M.W.","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla M.","family":"Teopiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yena","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9110-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orly","family":"Lipsitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo B.","family":"Mansur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson B.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Nasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartej","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle S.","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehala","family":"Subramaniapillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9629-4493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger S.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719828965","article-title":"Current and common definitions of treatment-resistant depression: findings from a systematic review and qualitative interviews","volume":"64","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3739","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intranasal esketamine adjunctive to oral antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"75","author":"Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.013","article-title":"Predictors of impaired work functioning in employees with major depression in remission","volume":"185","author":"de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0004","first-page":"1","article-title":"A clinical approach to treatment resistance in depressed patients: what to do when the usual treatments don't work well enough?","author":"Dodd","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz039","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose esketamine nasal spray combined with a new oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: results of a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study (TRANSFORM-1)","volume":"22","author":"Fedgchin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.10.014","article-title":"What happens to patients with treatment-resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies","volume":"116","author":"Fekadu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118760660","article-title":"Repeated intranasal ketamine for treatment-resistant depression - the way to go? Results from a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"G\u00e1lvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"10258","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.020","article-title":"The effects of ketamine on cognition in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and priority avenues for future research","volume":"120","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000229","article-title":"Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the american heart association","volume":"132","author":"Goldstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10189","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32408-5","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of depression: a lancet-world psychiatric association commission","volume":"393","author":"Herrman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0012","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","article-title":"Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial | Cochrane Training","author":"Higgins","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.517716","article-title":"Direct and indirect costs of employees with treatment-resistant and non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Ivanova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.06.045","article-title":"The burden of treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review of the economic and quality of life literature","volume":"242","author":"Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1903305","article-title":"Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression\u2014First FDA-approved antidepressant in a new class","volume":"381","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.003","article-title":"Efficacy of antidepressants on measures of workplace functioning in major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"227","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.06.013","article-title":"Cognitive impairment mediates workplace impairment in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from the motivaction study","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0018","first-page":"411","article-title":"Ketamine and treatment-resistant depression","volume":"87","author":"Lent","year":"2019","journal-title":"AANA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0019","article-title":"Intravenous ketamine for postmenopausal women with treatment-resistant depression: results from the Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence","author":"Lipsitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.090","article-title":"Does pre-treatment functioning influence response to intravenous ketamine in adults with treatment-resistant depression?","volume":"292","author":"McIntyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.045","article-title":"Burden of Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) in patients with major depressive disorder in Ontario using Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) databases: Economic burden and healthcare resource utilization","volume":"277","author":"McIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.088","article-title":"The effectiveness of repeated intravenous ketamine on depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and functional disability in adults with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: Results from the Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence","volume":"274","author":"McIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"10265","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31544-0","article-title":"Bipolar disorders","volume":"396","author":"McIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.050","article-title":"The effect of intravenous, intranasal, and oral ketamine in mood disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"276","author":"McIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22063","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder: determinants, substrates, and treatment interventions","volume":"30","author":"McIntyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.043","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression: definitions, review of the evidence, and algorithmic approach","volume":"156","author":"McIntyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(11)70006-4","article-title":"Depression in the workforce: The intermediary effect of medical comorbidity","volume":"128","author":"McIntyre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300059","article-title":"A review of the clinical, economic, and societal burden of treatment-resistant depression: 1996-2013","volume":"65","author":"Mrazek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6394(2001)13:1<1::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Effectiveness of antidepressant pharmacotherapy: the impact of medication compliance and patient education","volume":"13","author":"Mundt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.10.008","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Elderly Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression-TRANSFORM-3","volume":"28","author":"Ochs-Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19020172","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed esketamine nasal spray combined with a newly initiated oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized double-blind active-controlled study","volume":"176","author":"Popova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.027","article-title":"Treatment effectiveness and tolerability outcomes that are most important to individuals with bipolar and unipolar depression","volume":"243","author":"Rosenblat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.029","article-title":"Restoring function in major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"215","author":"Sheehan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12020250","article-title":"Increase in work productivity of depressed individuals with improvement in depressive symptom severity","volume":"170","author":"Trivedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00505-2","article-title":"Estimating the true global burden of mental illness","volume":"3","author":"Vigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19m12891","article-title":"Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus Oral Antidepressant in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression: Assessment of Long-Term Safety in a Phase 3, Open-Label Study (SUSTAIN-2)","volume":"81","author":"Wajs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502","article-title":"Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.12.1401","article-title":"Telephone screening, outreach, and care management for depressed workers and impact on clinical and work productivity outcomes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0037","series-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomized Studies in Meta-Analysis","author":"Wells","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0038","series-title":"Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.038","article-title":"The acute antisuicidal effects of single-dose intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine in individuals with major depression and bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13699","article-title":"The Prevalence and National Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression and Major Depressive Disorder in the United States","volume":"82","author":"Zhdanava","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721006182?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721006182?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T04:20:49Z","timestamp":1731558049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032721006182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0165032721006182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy of ketamine and esketamine on functional outcomes in treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}