{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:41:13Z","timestamp":1789472473794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T09:40:06Z","timestamp":1626601206000},"page":"671-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The network of stress-related states and depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"294","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8042-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asle","family":"Hoffart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sverre Urnes","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid V.","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0001","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002300","article-title":"Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample","volume":"46","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"10227","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","article-title":"A network theory of mental disorders","volume":"16","author":"Borsboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0005","article-title":"Network structures of symptoms from the Zung Depression Scale","author":"Briganti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","article-title":"What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks?","volume":"128","author":"Bringmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X09991567","article-title":"Comorbidity: a network perspective","volume":"33","author":"Cramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0008","series-title":"Int. J. Complex Syst.","first-page":"1695","article-title":"The igraph software package for complex network research","author":"Csardi","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical distancing and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: factors associated with psychological symptoms and adherence to pandemic mitigation strategies","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000028","article-title":"From loss to loneliness: the relationship between bereavement and depressive symptoms","volume":"124","author":"Fried","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.005","article-title":"What are \u201cgood\u201d depression symptoms? Comparing the centrality of DSM and non-DSM symptoms of depression in a network analysis","volume":"189","author":"Fried","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fried, E.I., Papanikolaou, F., Epskamp, S., 2021. Mental health and social contact during the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological momentary assessment study.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/36xkp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0015","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the importance of estimating parameter uncertainty in network psychometrics: A response to Forbes et\u00a0al","volume":"2019","author":"Fried","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380211102","article-title":"Graph drawing by force-directed placement","volume":"21","author":"Fruchtermann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.02.062","article-title":"Exploring comorbidity between anxiety and depression among migrant Filipino domestic workers: a network approach","volume":"250","author":"Garabiles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01843-7","article-title":"Network structure of depression symptomatology in participants with and without depressive disorder: the population-based Health 2000-2011 study","volume":"55","author":"Hakulinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5101_6","article-title":"A short-form measure of loneliness","volume":"51","author":"Hays","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0020","series-title":"Excessive worrying as the driving force of anxiety during the first COVID-19 lockdown-phase in Belgium","author":"Heeren","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.589127","article-title":"Loneliness and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: risk factors and associations with psychopathology","volume":"11","author":"Hoffart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unraveling the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in a large inpatient sample: network analysis to examine bridge symptoms","author":"Kaiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depress Anx"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001844","article-title":"What kind of things are psychiatric disorders?","volume":"41","author":"Kendler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0026","article-title":"Comorbid anxiety and depression psychopathology in university students: a network approach","author":"Makhubela","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614553230","article-title":"Mental disorders as causal systems: A network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"3","author":"McNally","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0028","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2016. Mental illness among adults in Norway. In: Public Health Reports \u2013 Health Status in Norway. https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/en\/op\/hin\/mental-health\/psykisk-helse-hos-voksne\/(accessed Apr 24, 2020)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2010.03.006","article-title":"Node centrality in weighted networks: generating degree and shortest paths","volume":"32","author":"Opsahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0031","article-title":"Network analysis reveals central symptoms of adolescent depression and anxiety in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Osborn","year":"2020","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0032","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment For Statistical Computing","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0033","article-title":"Statistical mechanics of community detection","volume":"E74","author":"Reichardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2307\/2786857","article-title":"Self-esteem and the psychological impact of unemployment","volume":"49","author":"Shamir","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01740-5","article-title":"On the validity of the centrality hypothesis in cross-sectional between-subjects networks of psychopathology","volume":"18","author":"Spiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0038","unstructured":"Statistics Norway 2019. https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/utniv\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00881-6","article-title":"Changes in network centrality of psychopathology symptoms between the COVID-19 outbreak and after peak","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1575716","article-title":"On nonregularized estimation of psychological networks","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019_bib0042","first-page":"302","article-title":"The complexity of loneliness","volume":"89","author":"Yanguas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721006984?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721006984?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T02:38:45Z","timestamp":1759027125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032721006984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0165032721006984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The network of stress-related states and depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}