{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:01:23Z","timestamp":1790694083344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006732","name":"New York University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016048","name":"University of Texas at Tyler","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T05:23:52Z","timestamp":1630041832000},"page":"471-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. South"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Goldmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-5405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle El","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1563-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0389-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supriya","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Thrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0001","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpt025","article-title":"Does survey mode still matter? Findings from a 2010 multi-mode comparison","volume":"22","author":"Ansolabehere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polit. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106362","article-title":"A longitudinal study of psychological distress in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"143","author":"Breslau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0004","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021. Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/health-equity\/race-ethnicity.html#fn2 (accessed 3.1.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0005","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020. Anxiety and depression: household pulse survey [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/covid19\/pulse\/mental-health.htm (accessed 3.1.21)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0006","first-page":"233","article-title":"To mix or not to mix data collection modes in surveys","volume":"21","author":"De Leeuw","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Off. Stat."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0007","first-page":"00116","article-title":"Insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: an examination of biopsychosocial moderators","volume":"S1389-9457","author":"Dzierzewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30792-3","article-title":"Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses","volume":"395","author":"Devakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29115\/SP-2009-0025","article-title":"Combining data from probability and non- probability samples using pseudo-weights","volume":"2","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surv. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0009","first-page":"1123","article-title":"The geography of racial stereotyping: evidence and implications for VRA preclearance after Shelby County","volume":"102","author":"Elmendorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calif. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686","article-title":"Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Ettman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106231","article-title":"Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults without a pre-existing mental health condition: findings from American trend panel survey","volume":"139","author":"Holingue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0012","series-title":"Handbook of Multicultural Mental Health","first-page":"89","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, and the epidemiology of mental disorders in adults","author":"Holzer","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0013","series-title":"Applied Logistic Regression","article-title":"Assessing the fit of the model (Chapter 5)","author":"Hosmer","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.36.020185.002531","article-title":"Social factors in psychopathology: stress, social support, and coping processes","volume":"36","author":"Kessler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0015","article-title":"Depression among Asian-American adults in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfn063","article-title":"Social desirability bias in CATI, IVR, and Web Surveys. the effect of mode and question sensitivity","volume":"72","author":"Kreuter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener","volume":"41","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0018","first-page":"613","article-title":"An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4","volume":"50","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection","volume":"146","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0020","unstructured":"Lang, A.J., 2020. Complementary and integrative research (CAIR) lab. CAIR pandemicimpact questionnaire (C-piq). COVID-19 NIH office of behavioral and social sciences research (OBSSR) research tools.Available from: https:\/\/www.phenxtoolkit.org\/toolkit_content\/PDF\/CAIR_PIQ.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Waters, S.F., 2021. Asians and Asian Americans\u2019 experiences of racial discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on health outcomes and the buffering role of social support. Stigma Heal. Epub ahead. 10.1037\/sah0000275.","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000275"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.02.002","article-title":"Patient health questionnaire-9 scores do not accurately estimate depression prevalence: individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Levis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019","article-title":"A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient health questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population","volume":"122","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9740","article-title":"Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020","volume":"324","author":"McGinty","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.2.393","article-title":"New evidence regarding racial and ethnic disparities in mental health: policy implications","volume":"27","author":"McGuire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a3","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, mental health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic \u2014 United States, April and May 2020","volume":"70","author":"McKnight-Eily","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600206","article-title":"Stress, health, and the life course: some conceptual perspectives","volume":"46","author":"Pearlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0029","unstructured":"Pew Research Center, 2020. People financially affected by COVID-19 outbreak are experiencing more psychological distress than others [WWW Document]. FactTank News Numbers. URL https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/03\/30\/people-financially-affected-by-covid-19-outbreak-are-experiencing-more-psychological-distress-than-others\/ (accessed 3.1.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030431","article-title":"An empirical study of chronic diseases in the United States: A visual analytics approach","volume":"15","author":"Raghupathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.071","article-title":"Association between psychological resilience and changes in mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"282","author":"Riehm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaaa126","article-title":"Trajectories of mental distress among U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Riehm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.12.009","article-title":"The effect of Hurricane Katrina on the prevalence of health impairments and disability among adults in New Orleans: differences by age, race, and sex","volume":"80","author":"Sastry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0034","unstructured":"The Commonwealth Fund, 2020. Beyond the case count: the wide-ranging disparities of COVID-19 in the United States [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/2020\/sep\/beyond-case-count-disparities-covid-19-united-states (accessed 3.2.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0035","unstructured":"Trust for America's Health, 2018. A Funding Crisis for Public Health and Safety: State-by-State and Federal Public Health Funding Facts and Recommendations [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.tfah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/archive\/assets\/files\/TFAH-2018-InvestInAmericaRpt-FINAL.pdf (accessed 4.12.20)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.2.320","article-title":"Resilient individuals use position emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences","volume":"86","author":"Tugade","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0037","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau, 2019. Uninsured Rate by State: 2008 to 2018 [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/visualizations\/interactive\/uninsured-rate-2008-2018.html (accessed 4.12.20)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047_bib0040","unstructured":"Ying, L., Finch, B.K., 2020. Discrimination against Asian, Black Americans more likely amid coronavirus pandemic [WWW Document]. Evid. Base, Univ. South. Calif. Schaeffer Cent. Heal. Policy Econ. URL https:\/\/healthpolicy.usc.edu\/evidence-base\/discrimination-against-asian-black-americans-more-likely-amid-coronavirus-pandemic (accessed 4.12.20)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721008521?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721008521?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:39:14Z","timestamp":1790692754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032721008521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0165032721008521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. South","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}