{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:52:01Z","timestamp":1783522321937,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,26]],"date-time":"2021-12-26T09:47:33Z","timestamp":1640512053000},"page":"551-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Health-related quality of life burden associated with treatment-resistant depression in UK patients: Quantitative results from a mixed-methods non-interventional study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"Shanaya","family":"Rathod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Denee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Eva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cicely","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitesh","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Baldock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan H.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0001","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1139","article-title":"Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population","volume":"8","author":"Arroll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000310","article-title":"Work productivity loss with depression, diagnosed and undiagnosed, among workers in an internet-based survey conducted in Japan","volume":"57","author":"Asami","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0004","first-page":"e294","article-title":"The effect of depression treatment on work productivity","volume":"20","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-4694-y","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the WHOQOL BREF in a sample of Brazilian outpatients with major depression","volume":"14","author":"Berlim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20580","article-title":"Employer burden of mild, moderate, and severe major depressive disorder: mental health services utilization and costs, and work performance","volume":"27","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp08X263794","article-title":"Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care","volume":"58","author":"Cameron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115581093","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines","volume":"29","author":"Cleare","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0009","series-title":"Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research","author":"Creswell","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199711000-00002","article-title":"Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states","volume":"35","author":"Dolan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","article-title":"EuroQol\u2013a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life","volume":"16","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Policy Amst. Neth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2341","article-title":"Equations for converting scores between depression scales (M\u00c5DRS, SRS, PHQ-9 and BDI-II): good statistical, but weak idiographic, validity","volume":"28","author":"Hawley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950130011002","article-title":"Functioning and well-being outcomes of patients with depression compared with chronic general medical illnesses","volume":"52","author":"Hays","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.124","article-title":"Real-world evidence from a European cohort study of patients with treatment resistant depression: baseline patient characteristics","volume":"283","author":"Heerlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0011","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency, 2013. Guideline on clinical investigation of medicinal products in the treatment of depression. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-clinical-investigation-medicinal-products-treatment-depression_en.pdf. (Accessed 05 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0016","unstructured":"Hernandez Alava, M., Wailoo, A., Pudney, S., 2017. Methods for Mapping Between the EQ-5D-5 L and the 3 L for Technology Appraisal: Report by the Decision Support Unit. http:\/\/nicedsu.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Mapping-5L-to-3L-DSU-report.pdf. (Accessed 05 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0017","series-title":"PMH73: The burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Europe from the Patient Perspective","author":"Jaffe","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2222-4","article-title":"The humanistic and economic burden of treatment-resistant depression in Europe: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Jaffe","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31828349c9","article-title":"Patient-reported depression severity measured by the PHQ-9 and impact on work productivity: results from a survey of full-time employees in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.06.045","article-title":"The burden of treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review of the economic and quality of life literature","volume":"242","author":"Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b750","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b750","article-title":"Management of depression in UK general practice in relation to scores on depression severity questionnaires: analysis of medical record data","volume":"338","author":"Kendrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076882","article-title":"Characterization of treatment resistant depression episodes in a cohort of patients from a US commercial claims database","volume":"8","author":"Kubitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0024","first-page":"11476","article-title":"Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"365","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.062","article-title":"Quality of life across domains among individuals with treatment-resistant depression","volume":"243","author":"Lex","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1417562","article-title":"The economic cost of treatment-resistant depression in patients referred to a specialist service","volume":"27","author":"McCrone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.043","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression: definitions, review of the evidence, and algorithmic approach","volume":"156","author":"McIntyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300059","article-title":"A review of the clinical, economic, and societal burden of treatment-resistant depression: 1996-2013","volume":"65","author":"Mrazek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0029","article-title":"Single Technology Appraisal: esketamine for treatment-resistant depression [ID1414]","year":"2020","journal-title":"Committee Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0030","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2009. Depression in adults: recognition and management: Clinical Guideline [CG90]. [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg90 (Accessed 05 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0031","article-title":"Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey: survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, England, 2014 [WWW Document]","year":"2016","journal-title":"NHS Digit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0032","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics, 2019. Employment in the UK: March 2019. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/employmentandlabourmarket\/peopleinwork\/employmentandemployeetypes\/bulletins\/employmentintheuk\/march2019. (Accessed 05 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0033","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics, 2016. Measuring national well-being: Life in the UK: 2016. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/wellbeing\/articles\/measuringnationalwellbeing\/2016. (Accessed 05 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19020172","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed esketamine nasal spray combined with a newly initiated oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized double-blind active-controlled study","volume":"176","author":"Popova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.06.030","article-title":"Mortality in treatment-resistant unipolar depression: a register-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"238","author":"Reutfors","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","article-title":"Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report","volume":"163","author":"Rush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.02.01","article-title":"Comparison of the usefulness of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 for screening for major depressive disorder: analysis of psychiatric outpatient data","volume":"16","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00","article-title":"The World Health Organization\u2019s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A Report from the WHOQOL Group","volume":"13","author":"Skevington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.3.208","article-title":"Duration of major depressive episodes in the general population: results from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)","volume":"181","author":"Spijker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02885-6","article-title":"The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 in patients with major depressive disorder in psychiatric hospital","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0042","series-title":"Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based On EQ-5D","author":"Szende","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667","article-title":"Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment","volume":"28","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988315607297","article-title":"Changes in depression subtypes among men in STAR*D: a latent transition analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5\u00a0L to EQ-5D-3\u00a0L value sets","volume":"15","author":"van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802277206","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Depression: critique of Current Approaches","volume":"42","author":"Wijeratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0047","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2004. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. (Accessed 05 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090_bib0048","article-title":"WHOQOL-BREF: introduction, Administration, Scoring and Generic Version of the Assessment","year":"1996","journal-title":"Field Trial Version"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721014087?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032721014087?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T02:46:32Z","timestamp":1759027592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032721014087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0165032721014087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Health-related quality of life burden associated with treatment-resistant depression in UK patients: Quantitative results from a mixed-methods non-interventional study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}