{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:54:57Z","timestamp":1784310897845,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T21:52:22Z","timestamp":1707515542000},"page":"357-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Treatment resistant depression: A comparative study of access, pathways, and outcomes between Caucasian and ethnic minority individuals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"352","author":[{"given":"Shanaya","family":"Rathod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Sk\u00f3rniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Engelthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Fell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040704","article-title":"Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups","volume":"165","author":"Alegr\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.11.1264","article-title":"Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States","volume":"59","author":"Alegria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S128584","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in depression: current perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0020","unstructured":"Bains N, Abdijadid S. Major Depressive Disorder. 2022 Jun 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan\u2013. PMID: 32644504."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.12788\/acp.0112","article-title":"Differences in clinical presentations of patients seeking care for treatment-resistant depression across sexual orientations and gender identities","volume":"35","author":"Benjamin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of clinical psychiatry: official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-021-01397-z","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in psychiatry resident prescribing: a quality improvement education intervention to address health equity","volume":"45","author":"Cerde\u00f1a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper C, Spiers N, Livingston G, Jenkins R, Meltzer H, Brugha T, McManus S, Weich S, Bebbington P. Ethnic inequalities in the use of health services for common mental disorders in England. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2013 (May);48(5):685\u201392. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0565-y. Epub 2012 Aug 15. PMID: 22893107.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0565-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000053228.58042.E4","article-title":"The acceptability of treatment for depression among African-American, Hispanic, and white primary care patients","volume":"41","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0050","series-title":"Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]","article-title":"Carbamazepine Therapy and HLA Genotype. 2015 Oct 14 [Updated 2018 Aug 1]","author":"Dean","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0055","article-title":"The impact of treatment-resistant depression on the lives of carers: a mixed-methods study","author":"Denee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0060","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Guidelines on clinical investigation of medicinal products in the treatment of depression [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/ documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-clinical-investigation-medicinal-products-treatment-depression-revision-2_en.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2016.1178128","article-title":"Family traditions, cultural values, and the clinician's countertransference: therapeutic assessment of a young Sicilian woman","volume":"98","author":"Fantini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.10.1131","article-title":"Anti- depressant use in black and white populations in the United States","volume":"59","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.12.1379","article-title":"Disparities in the adequacy of depression treatment in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Harman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.5.611","article-title":"Trends in antidepressant utilization from 2001 to 2004","volume":"60","author":"Harman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.073","article-title":"Real-world evidence from a European cohort study of patients with treatment resistant depression: treatment patterns and clinical outcomes","volume":"290","author":"Heerlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne R, Graupner L, Frost S, Weinman J, Wright SM, Hankins M. Medicine in a multi-cultural society: the effect of cultural background on beliefs about medications. Soc. Sci. Med. (1982). 2004;59(6):1307\u201313. Epub 2004\/06\/24. pmid:15210101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.01.009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jack RH, Hollis C, Coupland C, Morriss R, Knaggs RD, Butler D, Cipriani A, Cortese S, Hippisley-Cox J. Incidence and prevalence of primary care antidepressant prescribing in children and young people in England, 1998-2017: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020 (Jul 22);17(7):e1003215. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003215. (PMID: 32697803; PMCID: PMC7375537).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003215"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Demyttenaere K, Bech P. Depressive and bipolar disorders: patients' attitudes and beliefs towards depression and antidepressants. Psychol. Med. 2005;35(8):1205\u201313. Epub 2005\/08\/25. pmid:16116946.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705004605"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.12927\/hcpap.2019.25925","article-title":"Culturally responsive services as a path to equity in mental healthcare","volume":"18","author":"Kirmayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"HealthcarePapers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kormilitzin A, Vaci N, Liu Q, Ni H, Nenadic G, Nevado-Holgado A.. An efficient representation of chronological events in medical texts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.08433. 2020 (Oct 16).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.louhi-1.11"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0120","first-page":"3","article-title":"The increasing burden of depression","volume":"7","author":"L\u00e9pine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1982.36.4.505","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of Hispanic depressed patients: clinical observations","volume":"36","author":"Marcos","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e328340bc5a","article-title":"CYP2C19 variation and citalopram response","volume":"21","author":"Mrazek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506000104","article-title":"The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression","volume":"60","author":"Pigott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathod, S., Gega, L., Degnan, A., Pikard, J., Khan, T., Husain, N., Munshi, T., Naeem, F.(2018). The current status of culturally adapted mental health interventions: a practice-focused review of meta-analyses. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat.: 4;14:165-178. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S138430.","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S138430"},{"issue":"300","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.090","article-title":"Health-related quality of life burden associated with treatment-resistant depression in UK patients: quantitative results from a mixed-methods non-interventional study","volume":"1","author":"Rathod","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900702","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression in primary care across Canada","volume":"59","author":"Rizvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0345-7","article-title":"Access to mental health treatment by english language proficiency and race\/ethnicity","volume":"22","author":"Sentell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0150","first-page":"15","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities, social support, and depression: examining a social determinant of mental health","volume":"22","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.1.28","article-title":"Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice","volume":"163","author":"Trivedi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0160","series-title":"Multiple State Models. STT 456 Actuarial Models II [Dissertation]","author":"Valdez","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.038299","article-title":"Ethnic density, physical illness, social deprivation and antidepressant prescribing in primary care: ecological study","volume":"193","author":"Walters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.305","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American life","volume":"64","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0175","unstructured":"World Health Organization. ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems : tenth revision, 2nd ed. 2004. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who. int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42980."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027_bb0180","unstructured":"World Health Organization. EXECUTIVE BOARD EB130\/9 130th session 1 December 2011 Provisional agenda item 6.2 [Internet]. 2011 Dec. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/ gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/EB130\/B130_9-en.pdf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032724003355?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032724003355?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:11:05Z","timestamp":1781928665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032724003355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0165032724003355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment resistant depression: A comparative study of access, pathways, and outcomes between Caucasian and ethnic minority individuals","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}