{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:15:13Z","timestamp":1778768113363,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202206015010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206015010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"The Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IES\/R1\/241503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IES\/R1\/241503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010240","name":"National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21 & ZD187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21 & ZD187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017003","name":"Peking University Health Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMU2024BSS001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2024BSS001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T11:09:22Z","timestamp":1749035362000},"page":"119598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Childhood multimorbidity and depressive symptoms and functional limitations among mid-to-old adults from 31 countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"388","author":[{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jufen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.07.003","article-title":"Children and adolescents are not small adults: toward a better understanding of multimorbidity in younger populations","volume":"149","author":"van den Akker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00073-6","article-title":"Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10-24 years in the EU, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the global burden of diseases study 2019","volume":"6","author":"Armocida","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet. Child & adolescent health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4","article-title":"The world report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing","volume":"387","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0020","article-title":"Association between age at onset of multimorbidity and incidence of dementia: 30 year follow-up in Whitehall II prospective cohort study","volume":"376","author":"Ben Hassen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.285","article-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.285","article-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0895-4","article-title":"Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications","volume":"15","author":"Berens","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt088","article-title":"Data resource profile: the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE)","volume":"42","author":"B\u00f6rsch-Supan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30019-2","article-title":"Measuring population ageing: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1941","article-title":"Functional Connectivities in the brain that mediate the association between depressive problems and sleep quality","volume":"75","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.100","article-title":"Educational attainment inequalities in depressive symptoms in more than 100,000 individuals in Europe","volume":"63","author":"Chlapecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003290","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental multimorbidity and educational outcomes of Scottish schoolchildren: a population-based record linkage cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Fleming","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0070","first-page":"421","article-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology","volume":"317","author":"Fox","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036","article-title":"Aging and the HPA axis: stress and resilience in older adults","volume":"68","author":"Gaffey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-007-0070-9","article-title":"How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prevent. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00585.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and aging","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.040","article-title":"Do early-life conditions predict functional health status in adulthood? The case of Mexico","volume":"72","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6449-2","article-title":"Childhood sensorineural hearing loss and adult mental health up to 43years later: results from the HUNT study","volume":"19","author":"Idstad","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0100","first-page":"207","article-title":"Testing comparability between retrospective life history data and prospective birth cohort study data","volume":"75","author":"Jivraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03060120024016","article-title":"Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function","volume":"185","author":"Katz","year":"1963","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.10.043","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in adults with congenital heart disease","volume":"83","author":"Kovacs","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.106609","article-title":"Global variation in the prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms: phase three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.171","article-title":"Stress effects on neuronal structure: Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex","volume":"41","author":"McEwen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01561-6","article-title":"Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience","volume":"18","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.05.023","article-title":"Family ties and functional limitation in the elderly: results from the survey of health ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE)","volume":"78","author":"Micheli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303768","article-title":"Disparities in disability by educational attainment across US states","volume":"107","author":"Montez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-219507","article-title":"Childhood health and educational disadvantage are associated with adult multimorbidity in the global south: findings from a cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative surveys in India and Brazil","volume":"77","author":"Pati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264318799550","article-title":"Childhood conditions predict chronic diseases and functional limitations among older adults: the case of Indonesia","volume":"31","author":"Peele","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.4.330","article-title":"Development of the EURO\u2013D scale \u2013 a European Union initiative to compare symptoms of depression in 14 European centres","volume":"174","author":"Prince","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102265","article-title":"Chronic diseases and multimorbidity patterns, their recent onset, and risk of new-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease and related functional degeneration in older adults: a prospective cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105768","article-title":"Lifelong associations between childhood multimorbidity and early-onset and late-onset dementia: a multi-cohort study","volume":"244","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.09.007","article-title":"Multimorbidity in early childhood and socioeconomic disadvantage: findings from a large New Zealand child cohort","volume":"20","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0175","series-title":"Intergenerational Exchanges, Children\u2019s Education and Parents\u2019 Longevity in Europe","author":"Sabater","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800102","article-title":"Multiple imputation: a primer","volume":"8","author":"Schafer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0533-x","article-title":"Neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric diabetes: a developmental perspective","volume":"14","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12727","article-title":"Research review: childhood chronic physical illness and adult emotional health - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Secinti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101335","article-title":"Association of a wide range of chronic diseases and apolipoprotein E4 genotype with subsequent risk of dementia in community-dwelling adults: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02343-1","article-title":"Mapping gray and white matter volume abnormalities in early-onset psychosis: an ENIGMA multicenter voxel-based morphometry study","author":"Si","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00376-4","article-title":"Multimorbidity","volume":"8","author":"Skou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067","article-title":"Cohort profile: the health and retirement study (HRS)","volume":"43","author":"Sonnega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0215","series-title":"Documentation of affective functioning measures in the health and retirement study","volume":"10","author":"Steffick","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys168","article-title":"Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"42","author":"Steptoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60555-2","article-title":"Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development","volume":"378","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0230","first-page":"621","article-title":"Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16082","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and functional limitations in older men: does muscle strength mediate them?","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa117","article-title":"The effect of multimorbidity on functional limitations and depression amongst middle-aged and older population in China: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032725010407?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032725010407?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:37:39Z","timestamp":1778765859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032725010407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0165032725010407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Childhood multimorbidity and depressive symptoms and functional limitations among mid-to-old adults from 31 countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119598","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119598"}}