{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:24:56Z","timestamp":1780986296497,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010410","name":"Education University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T11:26:02Z","timestamp":1758021962000},"page":"120343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Depressive symptoms, overweight\/obesity, and ADHD from childhood to adolescence: A cross-cohort study of cultural and timing effects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"393","author":[{"given":"Rosa S.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith T.S.","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick K.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill P.","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00528-0","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental conditions: a co-twin control study","volume":"16","author":"Astenvald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.066","article-title":"Associations of body mass and fat indexes with cardiometabolic traits","volume":"72","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0015","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Change in overweight from childhood to early adulthood and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"378","author":"Bjerregaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713231","article-title":"Change in overweight from childhood to early adulthood and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"378","author":"Bjerregaard Lise","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1923","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1923","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cultural context: do parents in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom adopt different thresholds when rating symptoms, and if so why?","volume":"31","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1923","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cultural context: do parents in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom adopt different thresholds when rating symptoms, and if so why?","volume":"31","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0035","series-title":"Manymome: an R package for computing the indirect effects, conditional effects, and conditional indirect effects","author":"Cheung","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01358-4","article-title":"All in the family? A systematic review and meta-analysis of parenting and family environment as risk factors for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children","volume":"25","author":"Claussen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.1.25","article-title":"Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990","volume":"73","author":"Cole","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240","article-title":"Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey","volume":"320","author":"Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15020266","article-title":"Association between ADHD and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Cortese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104674","article-title":"Atypical sensory processing in adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A comparative study","volume":"146","author":"Fabio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00008","article-title":"The Fetal and Childhood Growth of Persons Who Develop Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"133","author":"Fors\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12238","article-title":"Changes in parental attitudes toward attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder impairment over time","volume":"4","author":"Garcia-Argibay","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCPP Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2931-y","article-title":"The psychosocial burden of childhood overweight and obesity: evidence for persisting difficulties in boys and girls","volume":"176","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0085","series-title":"Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004","author":"Green","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2015.10.005","article-title":"Socioeconomic gradients in school readiness of Chinese preschool children: the mediating role of family processes and kindergarten quality","volume":"35","author":"Ip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13840","article-title":"Potential pathways to the onset and development of eating disorders in people with overweight and obesity: A scoping review","volume":"26","author":"Khalid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711430711","article-title":"Validation of the Chinese Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-Behaviors Questionnaire in Hong Kong","volume":"17","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a3","article-title":"Longitudinal trends in body mass index before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among persons aged 2-19 years - United States, 2018-2020","volume":"70","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1996.tb00904.x","article-title":"Weight-for-age and weight-for-height references for Hong Kong children from birth to 18 years","volume":"32","author":"Leung","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13123","article-title":"Global prevalence of obesity, overweight and underweight in children, adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.01.019","article-title":"Direct medical costs of ADHD and its comorbid conditions on basis of a claims data analysis","volume":"58","author":"Libutzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2008.00106.x","article-title":"Understanding the Relation Between Obesity and Depression: Causal Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment","volume":"15","author":"Markowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0130","first-page":"251","article-title":"Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: factor composition and structure across development","volume":"5","author":"Messer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.005","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and being overweight\/obesity: New data and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Nigg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0841-6","article-title":"The impact of ADHD on the health and well-being of ADHD children and their siblings","volume":"25","author":"Peasgood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261","article-title":"ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"43","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231158750","article-title":"ADHD Symptoms Increased During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Rogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1993.1014","article-title":"Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Serdula","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0170","series-title":"Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the short Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS21)","author":"Taouk","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02504-7","article-title":"Does obesity persist from childhood to adolescence? A 4-year prospective cohort study of Chinese students in Hong Kong","volume":"21","author":"Tung","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00495-3","article-title":"Obesity Stigma: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Solutions","volume":"12","author":"Westbury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03883-8","article-title":"Early-life activities mediate the association between family socioeconomic status in early childhood and physical fitness in early adolescence","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343_bb0190","series-title":"Draft recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity over the life course, including potential targets","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032725017859?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032725017859?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:01:37Z","timestamp":1780635697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032725017859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0165032725017859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Depressive symptoms, overweight\/obesity, and ADHD from childhood to adolescence: A cross-cohort study of cultural and timing effects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120343","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120343"}}