{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T09:01:30Z","timestamp":1780822890933,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010256","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20231A010036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231A010036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015956","name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023B0303020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B0303020001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004000","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program key projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A03J0839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A03J0839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004000","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program key projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A03J0856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A03J0856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004000","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program key projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202206060005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206060005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009659","name":"Guangzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024SRP200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SRP200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012650","name":"Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20242A01001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242A01001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012650","name":"Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2023224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2023224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012650","name":"Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A03J0301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A03J0301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021B1515020064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1515020064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515011383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T14:18:44Z","timestamp":1760797124000},"page":"120489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["A potential biomarker of varying severity in patients with first-episode drug-na\u00efve depressive disorder: Evidence from the alteration of EEG microstates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"394","author":[{"given":"Zhendong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hehua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shisong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lida","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengchun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.10.015","article-title":"Selective modulation of brain network dynamics by seizure therapy in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"20","author":"Atluri","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103180","article-title":"Associations of depression and regional brain structure across the adult lifespan: pooled analyses of six population-based and two clinical cohort studies in the European Lifebrain consortium","volume":"36","author":"Binnewies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.052","article-title":"BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics","volume":"52","author":"Britz","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0020","series-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines","article-title":"Depression in adults: treatment and management","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00895-x","article-title":"The brain\u2019s action-mode network","author":"Dosenbach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0750-8","article-title":"Cortical thickness and emotion processing in young adults with mild to moderate depression: a preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Fonseka","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504136102","article-title":"The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks","volume":"102","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.014","article-title":"A stochastic model for EEG microstate sequence analysis","volume":"104","author":"G\u00e4rtner","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.01.007","article-title":"Large-scale EEG neural network changes in response to therapeutic TMS","volume":"15","author":"Gold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.020","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity in major depression: abnormally increased contributions from subgenual cingulate cortex and thalamus","volume":"62","author":"Greicius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.12.095","article-title":"Diminished attention network activity and heightened salience-default mode transitions in generalized anxiety disorder: evidence from resting-state EEG microstate analysis","volume":"373","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.11.018","article-title":"EEG microstate analysis reveals large-scale brain network alterations in depressed adolescents with suicidal ideation","volume":"346","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02141-3","article-title":"Time for united action on depression: a Lancet-World Psychiatric Association Commission","volume":"399","author":"Herrman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.147","article-title":"Efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the absence of side effects: a mega-analysis of citalopram and paroxetine in adult depression","volume":"23","author":"Hieronymus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6484","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26525","article-title":"EEG microstates in early-to-middle childhood show associations with age, biological sex, and alpha power","volume":"44","author":"Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.07.020","article-title":"A resting-state electroencephalographic microstates study in depressed adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"165","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.03.055","article-title":"EEG coherences of the fronto-limbic circuit between patients with major depressive disorder and healthy controls","volume":"331","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.021","article-title":"NeuroPharm study: EEG wakefulness regulation as a biomarker in MDD","volume":"141","author":"Ip","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00151.x","article-title":"Why has the antidepressant-placebo difference in antidepressant clinical trials diminished over the past three decades?","volume":"16","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114163","article-title":"Reliability of resting-state microstate features in electroencephalography","volume":"9","author":"Khanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.12.010","article-title":"Microstates in resting-state EEG: current status and future directions","volume":"49","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.12.004","article-title":"Functional connectivity of the frontoparietal network predicts cognitive modulation of pain","volume":"154","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117393","article-title":"Evidence for modulation of EEG microstate sequence by vigilance level","volume":"224","author":"Krylova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S456486","article-title":"Abnormalities in electroencephalographic microstates in patients with late-life depression","volume":"20","author":"Lao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15800","article-title":"Brain entropy, fractal dimensions and predictability: a review of complexity measures for EEG in healthy and neuropsychiatric populations","volume":"56","author":"Lau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.01.1218","article-title":"The Ham D(6) is more homogenous and as sensitive as the Ham D(17)","volume":"22","author":"Lecrubier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90025-3","article-title":"EEG alpha map series: brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation","volume":"67","author":"Lehmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110514","article-title":"EEG microstates as markers of major depressive disorder and predictors of response to SSRIs therapy","volume":"116","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004293","article-title":"Brain complexities and anesthesia: their meaning and measurement","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2021.3139104","article-title":"Altered brain dynamics and their ability for major depression detection using EEG microstates analysis","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2023.02.002","article-title":"The EEG microstate representation of discrete emotions","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102163","article-title":"Altered resting-state dynamic functional brain networks in major depressive disorder: findings from the REST-meta-MDD consortium","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0170","first-page":"385","article-title":"Dynamic functional connectivity in adolescence-onset major depression: relationships with severity and symptom dimensions","volume":"7","author":"Marchitelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026621666210909160210","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship among cortisol, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine in patients with major depression and suicidal behavior","volume":"22","author":"Messaoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062","article-title":"EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: a review","volume":"180","author":"Michel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.023","article-title":"The functional significance of EEG microstates\u2014associations with modalities of thinking","volume":"125","author":"Milz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0749-1","article-title":"Abnormalities in electroencephalographic microstates are state and trait markers of major depressive disorder","volume":"45","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.093","article-title":"Spontaneous brain activity and EEG microstates. A novel EEG\/fMRI analysis approach to explore resting-state networks","volume":"52","author":"Musso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-01003-5","article-title":"MICROSTATELAB: the EEGLAB toolbox for resting-state microstate analysis","volume":"37","author":"Nagabhushan Kalburgi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709006011","article-title":"Residual symptoms after remission of major depressive disorder with citalopram and risk of relapse: a STAR*D report","volume":"40","author":"Nierenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105287","article-title":"Scale-free dynamics of microstate sequence in negative schizophrenia and depressive disorder","volume":"143","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000337000","article-title":"EEG vigilance regulation patterns and their discriminative power to separate patients with major depression from healthy controls","volume":"65","author":"Olbrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v14.i1.128","article-title":"Abnormalities of electroencephalography microstates in patients with depression and their association with cognitive function","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0225","series-title":"Microstate EEGlab Toolbox: An Introductory Guide","author":"Poulsen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-022-00905-0","article-title":"EEG microstate temporal dynamics predict depressive symptoms in college students","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.07.012","article-title":"Accuracy of automated classification of major depressive disorder as a function of symptom severity","volume":"12","author":"Ramasubbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070999","article-title":"DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses","volume":"170","author":"Regier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00022","article-title":"15 years of microstate research in schizophrenia - where are we? A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Rieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy236","article-title":"Functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in depression and in health","volume":"29","author":"Rolls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000195751.94998.e3","article-title":"Depression is associated with cardiac symptoms, mortality risk, and hospitalization among women with suspected coronary disease: the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study","volume":"68","author":"Rutledge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05038-7","article-title":"A factor analytic comparison of three commonly used depression scales (HAMD, MADRS, BDI) in a large sample of depressed inpatients","volume":"23","author":"Seem\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20213","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung","volume":"62","author":"Shafer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109759","article-title":"Abnormal functional connectivity strength in first-episode, drug-na\u00efve adult patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"97","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910283411801","article-title":"An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression","volume":"341","author":"Simon","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.023","article-title":"The human connectome: origins and challenges","volume":"80","author":"Sporns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44887-w","article-title":"Rapid improvements and subsequent effects in major depressive disorder patients with somatic pain using rTMS combined with sertraline","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.111076","article-title":"Resting-state dynamic functional connectivity in major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119346","article-title":"+microstate: a MATLAB toolbox for brain microstate analysis in sensor and cortical EEG\/MEG","volume":"258","author":"Tait","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00428-w","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations","volume":"22","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171900028X","article-title":"Abnormal dynamic functional network connectivity in unmedicated bipolar and major depressive disorders based on the triple-network model","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152164","article-title":"Association between residual symptoms and social functioning in patients with depression","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105284","article-title":"Common and distinct patterns of task-related neural activation abnormalities in patients with remitted and current major depressive disorder: a systematic review and coordinate-based meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.12.006","article-title":"Positive beliefs about rumination in depression\u2014a replication and extension","volume":"39","author":"Watkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1355512","article-title":"Emotion recognition based on microstate analysis from temporal and spatial patterns of electroencephalogram","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22556","article-title":"Defining biotypes for depression and anxiety based on large-scale circuit dysfunction: a theoretical review of the evidence and future directions for clinical translation","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01181-5","article-title":"Abnormal EEG microstates in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: predictors of \u03b2-amyloid deposition degree and disease classification","volume":"46","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-01011-5","article-title":"Altered EEG microstates dynamics in individuals with subthreshold depression when generating negative future events","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0345","article-title":"The pro-inflammatory factors contribute to the EEG microstate abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immunity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05364-w","article-title":"Altered fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the superior temporal gyrus: a resting-state fMRI study in anxious depression","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.040","article-title":"Common and differential EEG microstate of major depressive disorder patients with and without response to rTMS treatment","volume":"367","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.5.660","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Chinese Hamilton Depression Rating Scale","volume":"152","author":"Zheng","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.092","article-title":"Impaired cognitive flexibility in major depressive disorder: evidences from spatial-temporal ERPs analysis","volume":"365","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02892-8","article-title":"Changes in oscillatory patterns of microstate sequence in patients with first-episode psychosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.04.028","article-title":"Severity classification on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale","volume":"150","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000466","article-title":"Symptom severity and the generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials: changes during the past 20 years","volume":"36","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24623","article-title":"Fronto-parietal and temporal brain dysfunction in depression: a fMRI investigation of auditory mismatch processing","volume":"40","author":"Zweerings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032725019317?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032725019317?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1780822317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032725019317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0165032725019317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A potential biomarker of varying severity in patients with first-episode drug-na\u00efve depressive disorder: Evidence from the alteration of EEG microstates","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120489","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120489"}}