{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:22:52Z","timestamp":1788459772244,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:38:54Z","timestamp":1784097534000},"page":"122273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: How close to dementia?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"414","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Toniolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tain\u00e1","family":"Schons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wyllians Vendramini","family":"Borelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyella Richter","family":"da Natividade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Laydner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiane","family":"de Azevedo Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael M.","family":"Castilhos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Prates-Baldez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Kapczinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriane R.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0005","article-title":"Prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in the MENAT and EMRO countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Alhassan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.028","article-title":"The effect of antipsychotics on the cognitive performance of individuals with psychotic disorders: network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"126","author":"Baldez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291725102328","article-title":"Impaired visuospatial working memory but preserved attentional control in bipolar disorder","volume":"55","author":"Barnes-Scheufler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.045","article-title":"Thresholds for severity, remission and recovery using the functioning assessment short test (FAST) in bipolar disorder","volume":"240","author":"Bonn\u00edn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.057","article-title":"Neurocognitive features in clinical subgroups of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"229","author":"Bora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.021","article-title":"Verbal learning impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: BDI v BDII","volume":"182","author":"Bourne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.06.030","article-title":"Autobiographical memory deficits in remitted patients with bipolar disorder I: the effect of impaired memory retrieval","volume":"278","author":"Bozikas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1997000100009","article-title":"Normative data on the verbal fluency test in the animal category in our milieu","volume":"55","author":"Brucki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000439","article-title":"Empirical evidence for discrete neurocognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder: clinical implications","volume":"44","author":"Burdick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13208","article-title":"Predictors of functional impairment in bipolar disorder","volume":"24","author":"Burdick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00481.x","article-title":"Validity of a short functioning test (FAST) in Brazilian outpatients with bipolar disorder","volume":"12","author":"Cacilhas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0060","article-title":"Insulin resistance and blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction underlie neuroprogression in bipolar disorder","volume":"12","author":"Calkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201240","article-title":"How does dementia begin to manifest in bipolar disorder?","volume":"82","author":"Callahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0070","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and cognition in mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"342","author":"Camprodon-Boadas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0605-x","article-title":"Neuroprogression and cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Cardoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Psych. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1906193","article-title":"Bipolar disorder","volume":"383","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13121","article-title":"Executive functions and memory in bipolar disorders I and II","volume":"141","author":"Cotrena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.609487","article-title":"Concepts of neuroinflammation and their relationship with impaired mitochondrial functions in bipolar disorder","volume":"15","author":"Cyrino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0095","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and neuroprogression produced by oxidative stress in euthymic bipolar patients with different onset disease times","volume":"12","author":"Delwing-de Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.11.014","article-title":"History of bipolar disorder and the risk of dementia","volume":"25","author":"Diniz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0105","first-page":"123","article-title":"The clinical course of late-life bipolar disorder, looking back and forward","volume":"20","author":"Dols","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0110","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders\u2014Research Version (SCID-5-RV)","author":"First","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-mental state","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.05.011","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a preliminary assessment tool","volume":"37","author":"Gierus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.06.003","article-title":"Evaluating cognitive function in unaffected relatives of individuals with bipolar disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Gillissie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0130","first-page":"249","article-title":"Clinical, sociodemographic and environmental predicting factors for relapse in bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"365","author":"Gim\u00e9nez-Palomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0135","article-title":"Bipolar disorder integrative staging: incorporating biomarkers into progression across stages (BOARDING-PASS) \u2013 rationale and design","volume":"16","author":"Girone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0140","article-title":"The impact of substance use disorder comorbidity on cognition of individuals with bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"312","author":"Gogia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721001442","article-title":"Characterisation of deficits and sex differences in verbal and visual memory in bipolar disorder","volume":"29","author":"Gogos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"issue":"10027","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00241-X","article-title":"Bipolar disorder","volume":"387","author":"Grande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0155","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Biomarkers of neuroprogression and late staging in bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Grewal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.018","article-title":"Discrete neurocognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder","volume":"205","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-026-03527-1","article-title":"Cognitive decline and illness progression in bipolar disorder","volume":"43","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02096-1","article-title":"Associations between structural brain measures and cognitive function in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.01.001","article-title":"The association between insomnia-related sleep disruptions and cognitive dysfunction during the inter-episode phase of bipolar disorder","volume":"88","author":"Kanady","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12305","article-title":"Staging systems in bipolar disorder: an International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force report","volume":"130","author":"Kapczinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715273407961260429052113","article-title":"Cognitive decline in atherosclerotic diseases: mechanisms and potential solutions","author":"Kaur","year":"2026","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12667","article-title":"Evidence for clinical progression of unipolar and bipolar disorders","volume":"135","author":"Kessing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0195","first-page":"438","article-title":"Neural correlates of cognitive improvement over time in patients newly diagnosed with bipolar disorder","volume":"147","author":"Kj\u00e6rstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00673.x","article-title":"Selective deficits in semantic verbal fluency","volume":"11","author":"Kravariti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016277","article-title":"Meta-analysis of neurocognitive deficits in bipolar illness","volume":"23","author":"Kurtz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12904","article-title":"Functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the Functioning Assessment Short Test","volume":"22","author":"L\u00e9da-R\u00eago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.04.073","article-title":"Brain activation characteristics of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder during fluency tasks","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.044","article-title":"Identifying cognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder: a cluster analysis","volume":"246","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0225","series-title":"Teste de aprendizagem auditivo-verbal de Rey (RAVLT): manual de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"Malloy-Diniz","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00327.x","article-title":"Functional outcome in bipolar disorder: the role of clinical and cognitive factors","volume":"9","author":"Martinez-Aran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0235","article-title":"Impact of cognitive reserve on bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31544-0","article-title":"Bipolar disorders","volume":"396","author":"McIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20010003","article-title":"Bipolar disorder among patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia","volume":"32","author":"Mendez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0250","first-page":"432","article-title":"Association between the fronto-limbic network and cognitive and emotional functioning in individuals with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Mesbah","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02315-7","article-title":"Aging beyond diagnosis: the MRI brain age gap across disorders","author":"Mhanna","year":"2026","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000297","article-title":"Defining heterogeneous cognitive trajectories in bipolar disorder: a perspective","volume":"29","author":"Millett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psych."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12595","article-title":"Assessing and addressing cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force recommendations for clinicians","volume":"20","author":"Miskowiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13193","article-title":"Randomised controlled cognition trials in remitted patients with mood disorders published between 2015 and 2021: a systematic review by the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force","volume":"24","author":"Miskowiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.11.028","article-title":"Identifying neurocognitive heterogeneity in older adults with bipolar disorder: a cluster analysis","volume":"298","author":"Montejo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","article-title":"A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change","volume":"134","author":"Montgomery","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.07.078","article-title":"Investigation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a cognitive screener in severe mental illness","volume":"220","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20230012","article-title":"Cognition in bipolar disorder: an update for clinicians","volume":"21","author":"Nicoloro-SantaBarbara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-026-02525-w","article-title":"The liver-brain axis: a three-stage model linking MASLD to cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"76","author":"Nie","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb8005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.015","article-title":"Association of early- and late-life bipolar disorder with incident dementia. A Danish cohort study","volume":"367","author":"Nielsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.18588","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder: a review","volume":"330","author":"Nierenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.04.036","article-title":"Verbal episodic memory deficits in remitted bipolar patients: a combined behavioural and fMRI study","volume":"150","author":"Oertel-Kn\u00f6chel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0315","article-title":"Bipolar disorders: an update on critical aspects","volume":"48","author":"Oliva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12581","article-title":"Areas of controversy in neuroprogression in bipolar disorder","volume":"134","author":"Passos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0325","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","article-title":"Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage","volume":"8","author":"Reitan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0335","series-title":"L\u2019examen clinique en psychologie","author":"Rey","year":"1964"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13362","article-title":"Bipolar disorder and frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review","volume":"144","author":"Roman Meller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-3-5","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder","volume":"3","author":"Rosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01830.x","article-title":"One-year psychosocial functioning in patients in the early vs. late stage of bipolar disorder","volume":"125","author":"Rosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.02.022","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a rating scale on subjective cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder (COBRA)","volume":"150","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.011","article-title":"Montreal Cognitive Assessment for evaluating cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Rosca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb8000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00641","article-title":"Toward precision psychiatry in bipolar disorder: Staging 2.0","volume":"9","author":"Salagre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.70095","article-title":"Cognitive complaints in bipolar disorder: relation to estimated illness-related objective cognitive decline, functioning, and quality of life","author":"Schandorff","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020276","article-title":"Neuroprogression as an illness trajectory in bipolar disorder: a selective review","volume":"11","author":"Serafini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0375","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder in comparison to mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Simjanoski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"issue":"10506","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01140-7","article-title":"Bipolar disorder","volume":"406","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12871","article-title":"Heterogeneity of functional outcomes in bipolar disorder: a cluster-analytic approach","volume":"137","author":"Sol\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033068","article-title":"Impaired retrieval of semantic information in bipolar disorder: a clustering analysis of category fluency productions","volume":"122","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"e336","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0395","first-page":"1","article-title":"Domain-specific cognitive function in euthymic bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Swidzinski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-27658-w","article-title":"Socioenvironmental determinants of polypharmacy in mental health disorders: a systematic review","author":"Tegegne","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.07.009","article-title":"Participant exclusion criteria in treatment research on neurological disorders: are unrepresentative study samples problematic?","volume":"44","author":"Trivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000307","article-title":"Characterizing cognitive heterogeneity on the schizophrenia\u2013bipolar disorder spectrum","volume":"47","author":"Van Rheenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13153","article-title":"Risk of dementia in bipolar disorder and the interplay of lithium: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"141","author":"Velosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0420","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0430","article-title":"Proteomic insights into biology of bipolar disorder: implications for health complexity and mortality","volume":"47","author":"Ziani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642015DN92000006","article-title":"Brazilian preliminary norms and investigation of age and education effects on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color and Word Test and Digit Span Test in adults","volume":"9","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032726011262?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032726011262?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:01:35Z","timestamp":1788458495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032726011262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["S0165032726011262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: How close to dementia?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122273","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122273"}}