{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:39:25Z","timestamp":1792633165126,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC-111-2314-B-075B-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-111-2314-B-075B-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC-113-2314-B-075B-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-113-2314-B-075B-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC-114-2314-B-075B-007-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-114-2314-B-075B-007-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC-112-2314-B-075B-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-112-2314-B-075B-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019000","name":"Medical Affairs Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MND-MAB-110-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-110-070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010425","name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSGH_A_115013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH_A_115013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010425","name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VTA114-T-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTA114-T-1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011913","name":"Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSVGH114\\u2013117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSVGH114\\u2013117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011913","name":"Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSVGH115\\u2013076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSVGH115\\u2013076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011913","name":"Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSVGH115\\u2013074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSVGH115\\u2013074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:44:07Z","timestamp":1789515847000},"page":"122509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Altered resting-state EEG microstate topographies and transition dynamics in generalized anxiety disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"416","author":[{"given":"Che-Sheng","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Noda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Zhe","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Chia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-An","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0005","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.052","article-title":"BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics","volume":"52","author":"Britz","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0015","first-page":"2079","article-title":"On over-fitting in model selection and subsequent selection bias in performance evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Cawley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2930186","article-title":"Evaluation of artifact subspace reconstruction for automatic artifact components removal in multi-channel EEG recordings","volume":"67","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115463","article-title":"EEG microstate as a biomarker of personalized transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment on anhedonia in depression","volume":"483","author":"Che","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-01028-w","article-title":"Correction: EEG microstates in mood and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Chivu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2025.04.014","article-title":"Altered electroencephalography-based source functional connectivity in patients with generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"175","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.01.011","article-title":"Altered electroencephalographic microstate dynamics in major depressive disorder and their modulation by melatonergic treatment","volume":"194","author":"Chu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8111","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3601511","article-title":"Blind source separation-embedded electroencephalogram microstate trajectory modeling for generalized anxiety disorder identification","volume":"30","author":"Chu","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","article-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","volume":"385","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030245","article-title":"Exploring abnormal brain functional connectivity in healthy adults, depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder through EEG signals: a machine learning approach for triple classification","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00355","article-title":"A student\u2019s guide to randomization statistics for multichannel event-related potentials using Ragu","volume":"12","author":"Habermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.12.095","article-title":"Diminished attention network activity and heightened salience-default mode transitions in generalized anxiety disorder: evidence from resting-state EEG microstate analysis","volume":"373","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.03.021","article-title":"Dose equivalents of antidepressants: evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials","volume":"180","author":"Hayasaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0080","article-title":"Aberrant resting-state functional connectivity in medication-na\u00efve generalized anxiety disorder: a whole-brain exploratory fMRI study","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-00982-9","article-title":"On the reliability of the EEG microstate approach","volume":"37","author":"Kleinert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060050088","article-title":"A deviant EEG brain microstate in acute, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenics at rest","volume":"249","author":"Koenig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/938925","article-title":"Ragu: a free tool for the analysis of EEG and MEG event-related scalp field data using global randomization statistics","volume":"2011","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-00993-6","article-title":"EEG-meta-microstates: towards a more objective use of resting-state EEG microstate findings across studies","volume":"37","author":"Koenig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0105","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of dynamic microstate brain network in disorders of consciousness","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0110","article-title":"Enhanced diagnostics for generalized anxiety disorder: leveraging differential channel and functional connectivity features based on frontal EEG signals","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7197","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06976","article-title":"What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI","volume":"453","author":"Logothetis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0120","series-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0125","article-title":"Integrating EEG and ensemble learning for accurate grading and quantification of generalized anxiety disorder: a novel diagnostic approach","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.04.023","article-title":"20 years of the default mode network: a review and synthesis","volume":"111","author":"Menon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062","article-title":"EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: a review","volume":"180","author":"Michel","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-024-01037-3","article-title":"Current state of EEG\/ERP microstate research","volume":"37","author":"Michel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-01003-5","article-title":"MICROSTATELAB: the EEGLAB toolbox for resting-state microstate analysis","volume":"37","author":"Nagabhushan Kalburgi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1109\/10.391164","article-title":"Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: model estimation and validation","volume":"42","author":"Pascual-Marqui","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","article-title":"ICLabel: an automated electroencephalographic independent component classifier, dataset, and website","volume":"198","author":"Pion-Tonachini","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1037\/cps0000110","article-title":"Rumination across depression, anxiety, and eating disorders in adults: a meta-analytic review","volume":"31","author":"Rickerby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"issue":"Suppl. 20","key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0165","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01645-5","article-title":"A data-centric and interpretable EEG framework for depression severity grading using SHAP-based insights","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145420","article-title":"Aberrated multidimensional EEG characteristics in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a machine-learning based analysis framework","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35939-2","article-title":"Reduced vmPFC-insula functional connectivity in generalized anxiety disorder: a Bayesian confirmation study","volume":"13","author":"Steinh\u00e4user","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-00958-9","article-title":"The functional aspects of resting EEG microstates: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Tarailis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224365","article-title":"Machine learning algorithm validation with a limited sample size","volume":"14","author":"Vabalas","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-91","article-title":"Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection","volume":"7","author":"Varma","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.01.021","article-title":"Analysis of altered brain dynamics during episodic recall and detection of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"524","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-024-01082-y","article-title":"Unveiling frequency-specific microstate correlates of anxiety and depression symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112233","article-title":"Altered EEG microstate dynamics as a neurophysiological biomarker for diagnostic differentiation in schizophrenia","volume":"361","author":"Yeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-026-01179-6","article-title":"Evidence from EEG of abnormal functional connectivity and microstates in GAD and PD","volume":"39","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509_bb0220","article-title":"Altered microstate C and D dynamics in high social anxiety: a resting-state EEG study","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032726013625?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165032726013625?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:46:27Z","timestamp":1792629987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165032726013625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0165032726013625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Altered resting-state EEG microstate topographies and transition dynamics in generalized anxiety disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122509","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122509"}}