{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:09:50Z","timestamp":1768824590548,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T17:49:56Z","timestamp":1644342596000},"page":"100323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Smoking, health risks, coping mechanisms and depression in the age of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of the Lebanese population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Maatouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5018-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Aad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Don Eliseo","family":"Lucero-Prisno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsubaie M.M., Stain H.J., Webster L.A.D., Wadman R. The role of sources of social support on depression and quality of life for university students. http:\/\/mc.manuscriptcentral.com\/rady [Internet]. 2019 Oct 2 [cited 2021 Dec 25];24(4):484\u201396. Available from: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/02673843.2019.1568887.","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1568887"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945919828061","article-title":"Disparities in rural tobacco use, smoke-free policies, and tobacco taxes","volume":"41","author":"Buettner-Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"West. J. Nurs. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000408","article-title":"The impact of urbanization on mental health in India","volume":"31","author":"Chandra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1203-2","article-title":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms among older adults who reported medical cost as a barrier to seeking health care: findings from a nationally representative sample","volume":"19","author":"Cheruvu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103740","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E109","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0239","article-title":"The potential impacts of obesity on COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Dafallah Albashir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillow I., Swann C., Cliff K.S. A study of the effect of a health education programme in promoting seat-belt wearing: 101177\/001789698104000107 [Internet]. 2016 Jul 27 [cited 2021 Dec 25];40(1):14\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/001789698104000107.","DOI":"10.1177\/001789698104000107"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(79)90003-0","article-title":"Smoking, seat-belts, and beliefs about health","volume":"4","author":"Eiser","year":"1979","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068064","article-title":"Smokers\u2019 decision making: more than mere risk taking","volume":"8","author":"Ert","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.09.027","article-title":"Gender differences in depression and anxiety: the role of age","volume":"210","author":"Faravelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621","article-title":"Depression in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Fiske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.169094","article-title":"Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries","volume":"209","author":"Gari\u00e9py","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-951","article-title":"Tobacco smoking, associated risk behaviours, and experience with quitting: a qualitative study with homeless smokers addicted to drugs and alcohol","volume":"13","author":"Garner","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2014.12148.x","article-title":"Quality of life and smoking","volume":"23","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0015","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cities and mental health","volume":"114","author":"Gruebner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2009.00645.x","article-title":"Poverty, material hardship and depression","volume":"90","author":"Heflin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.11.001","article-title":"Higher smoking prevalence in urban compared to non-urban areas: time trends in six European countries","volume":"13","author":"Idris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040","article-title":"Physical activity and depression: towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity","volume":"107","author":"Kandola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186581","article-title":"Smoking and COVID-19: adding fuel to the flame","volume":"21","author":"Kashyap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0020","article-title":"Covid-19: how a virus is turning the world upside down","volume":"369","author":"Kickbusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.4236\/wjcd.2016.66017","article-title":"Obesity in lebanon: a national problem","volume":"6","author":"Mallat","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.05.032","article-title":"Do urban environments increase the risk of anxiety, depression and psychosis? An epidemiological study","volume":"150","author":"McKenzie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2018.1524153","article-title":"Why some obese people become depressed whilst others do not: exploring links between cognitive reactivity, depression and obesity","volume":"24","author":"Minkwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.022","article-title":"Diet quality and depression risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"226","author":"Molendijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020927051","article-title":"Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender","volume":"66","author":"\u00d6zdin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa082","article-title":"Smoking is associated with COVID-19 progression: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Patanavanich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11030176","article-title":"Diet, obesity, and depression: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Patsalos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0028","unstructured":"Physical activity as good as CBT or medications for depression [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 24]. Available from: https:\/\/lakartidningen.se\/klinik-och-vetenskap-1\/artiklar-1\/klinisk-oversikt\/2015\/11\/fysisk-aktivitet-lika-bra-som-kbt-eller-lakemedel-vid-depression\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0029","article-title":"A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations","volume":"33","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0030","first-page":"52","article-title":"Depression and heart diseases: leading health problems","volume":"29","author":"Rai\u010d","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. \u00a9 Med. Nakl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.07.012","article-title":"The relationship between abdominal fat, obesity, and common mental disorders: results from the HUNT study","volume":"66","author":"Rivenes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0222-2","article-title":"Rates of depression and anxiety in urban and rural Canada","volume":"46","author":"Romans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000816","article-title":"Depression as a moderator of the prospective relationship between mood and smoking","volume":"39","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-016-0347-8","article-title":"Physical activity in depressed and non-depressed patients with obesity","volume":"23","author":"Sander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003542","article-title":"Urban\u2013rural differentials in the factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke in India","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0036","unstructured":"Smoking and Tobacco Use in Rural Populations [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/health-equity\/resources\/smoking-rural-populations."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.64028","article-title":"Urbanization and mental health","volume":"18","author":"Srivastava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0038","unstructured":"The Relationship of Smoking to Motor Vehicle Accidents and Traffic Violations. - PsycNET [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1988-06114-001."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0226-x","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of circuit function: sex, systems and depression","volume":"10","author":"Th\u00e9riault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00051-8","article-title":"Relationship between number of sexual intercourse partners and selected health risk behaviors among public high school adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Valois","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.11.005","article-title":"Tobacco use and exposure in rural areas: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system","volume":"36","author":"Vander Weg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1736-5","article-title":"Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002678","article-title":"Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"50","author":"Wootton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.739085","article-title":"Internet use and depressive symptoms among older adults in China","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666915322000166?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666915322000166?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:27:58Z","timestamp":1763015278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666915322000166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S2666915322000166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9153","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Smoking, health risks, coping mechanisms and depression in the age of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of the Lebanese population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100323","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100323"}}