{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:17:55Z","timestamp":1778588275513,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":341,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUHK4101\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUHK4101\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR049439-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR049439-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajgponline.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T11:19:59Z","timestamp":1611400799000},"page":"1140-1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Does Low Subjective Social Status Predict Cognitive Decline in Chinese Older Adults? A 4-Year Longitudinal Study From Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jean H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy S.","family":"Sumerlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Goggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.S.","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanche","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy C.Y.","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0001","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed.) Washington, DC, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.001","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Hugo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.176818","article-title":"Risk of dementia hospitalisation associated with cardiovascular risk factors in midlife and older age: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study","volume":"80","author":"Alonso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118307","article-title":"Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies","volume":"202","author":"Diniz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-111433","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment: linking mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Luchsinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004","article-title":"Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older","volume":"144","author":"Larson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31816b7841","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in chinese older adults: results from the Singapore longitudinal ageing studies","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.02.008","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in cognitive decline and the role of biomedical factors","volume":"15","author":"Koster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000090254","article-title":"The relation of education and income to cognitive function among professional women","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027506294245","article-title":"Education and cognitive decline in older Americans results from the AHEAD sample","volume":"29","author":"Alley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12083","article-title":"Relationship between education and age-related cognitive decline: a review of recent research","volume":"15","author":"Lenehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000667","article-title":"Subjective social status and health: a meta-analysis of community and society ladders","volume":"37","author":"Zell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heal Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0013","first-page":"154","article-title":"Status symbols and the measurement of status","volume":"19","author":"Davis","year":"1956","journal-title":"Percept Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00131-4","article-title":"Subjective social status: its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study","volume":"56","author":"Singh-Manoux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.6.613","article-title":"Objective and subjective assessments of socioeconomic status and their relationship to self-rated health in an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women","volume":"19","author":"Ostrove","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heal Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.6.586","article-title":"Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy white women","volume":"19","author":"Adler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heal Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/03630240802313563","article-title":"Self-perceived social status and health in older Hong Kong Chinese women compared with Men","volume":"48","author":"Woo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-011-9206-1","article-title":"Subjective social status: construct validity and associations with psychosocial vulnerability and self-rated health","volume":"20","author":"Cundiff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.038","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and health: the role of subjective social status","volume":"67","author":"Demakakos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20357","article-title":"The relationship of subjective social status to mental health in South Korean adults","volume":"16","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1337","article-title":"Associations between subjective social status and DSM-IV mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health surveys","volume":"71","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.066191","article-title":"Social and economic correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress in South African adults","volume":"62","author":"Hamad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Heal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53169.x","article-title":"Relationship between subjective social status and measures of health in older Taiwanese persons","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000188434.52941.a0","article-title":"Does subjective social status predict health and change in health status better than objective status?","volume":"67","author":"Singh-Manoux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2015.02.009","article-title":"How do we assign ourselves social status? A cross-cultural test of the cognitive averaging principle","volume":"52","author":"Andersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0026","first-page":"466","article-title":"Subjective social status predicts late-life memory trajectories through both mental and physical","volume":"64","author":"Zahodne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Pathways Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4406","article-title":"Depressive symptoms increase the risk of progression to dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Mourao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/406852","article-title":"Trends in prevalence and mortality of dementia in elderly Hong Kong population: projections, disease burden, and implications for long-term care","volume":"2012","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0029","article-title":"Factors associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in family caregivers of people with dementia: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0030","unstructured":"MacArthur: Research Network on SES and Health 2008. Available at: https:\/\/macses.ucsf.edu\/research\/socialenviron\/default.php. Accessed November 21, 2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1096","article-title":"Reliability of the MacArthur scale of subjective social status\u2014Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)","volume":"12","author":"Giatti","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.345","article-title":"Behavioral profile of Alzheimer's disease in Chinese elderly\u2014a validation study of the Chinese version of the Alzheimer's disease behavioral pathology rating scale","volume":"16","author":"Lam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0033","first-page":"477","article-title":"Reliability, validity and structure of the Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale in a Hong Kong context: a preliminary report","volume":"35","author":"Chiu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2016.01.015","article-title":"Comparing the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and mini-mental state examination when screening people for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Chinese population","volume":"30","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq101","article-title":"Effects of height loss on morbidity and mortality in 3145 community-dwelling Chinese older women and men: a 5-year prospective study","volume":"39","author":"Auyeung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","article-title":"The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): development and evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Washburn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123","article-title":"Statistics notes: analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements","volume":"323","author":"Vickers","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv399.01","article-title":"Dementia 1 does social capital reduce the risk of dementia among older Japanese in the community: Jages study","volume":"55","author":"Shirai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212451","article-title":"Does subjective social status predict depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly? A longitudinal study from Hong Kong","volume":"74","author":"Kwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181d6c259","article-title":"Purpose in life is associated with a reduced risk of incident disability among community-dwelling older persons","volume":"18","author":"Boyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.208","article-title":"Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons","volume":"67","author":"Boyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0042","series-title":"Department of Health - The Government of the Hong Kong SAR. Alcohol Consumption Per Capita in Hong Kong","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0043","unstructured":"WHO | By category | Total Consumption With 95%CI\u2014By Country WHO."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0044","series-title":"The MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status","author":"Adler","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.07.017","article-title":"Health factors as potential mediators of the longitudinal effect of loneliness on general cognitive ability","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064748121000294?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064748121000294?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:58:30Z","timestamp":1778587110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1064748121000294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1064748121000294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-7481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-7481","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Does Low Subjective Social Status Predict Cognitive Decline in Chinese Older Adults? A 4-Year Longitudinal Study From Hong Kong","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}